应改为：carrying.
解释：不定式不能作for的宾语, 改为动名词即可
(2)
Copper sulfate, spread in judicious amounts, kills algae ----harming fish or aquatic invert-ebrates. (A) does not (B) but does no (C) except (D) without
答案：D
解释：harming 是动名词形式, 因此要求前面的词是介词或可接动名词的动词. A B 可首先排除; C 虽是介词, 但与句意不符.
(3) Mary Ann Hardy was known for her skill to paint miniature watercolor portraits A B C on ivory. Ｄ
答案：B
应改为：in painting
解释：后置定语修饰名词，什么方面的技能，不能用不定式。 考点三 连接从句或不定式
介词之后还可以接宾语从句或不定式短语，但要借助于 连接代词 (如：what , which, whom) 或连接副词 (如：how, when，where)
例句： I knew nothing about how he got the green card. She's pretty hesitant about which one to choose.
例题： (1)
The Cubists were concerned with how----a given subject from different points of view simultaneously. (A) represented
(B) do they represent (C) to represent (D) representing
答案：C
解释：介词with后面的宾语不完整, C 是不定式短语作宾语. A D都不足以和how构成宾语从句; B不应用疑问句语序, 若去掉do则是正确的
(2)
The scholarly interest in perception stems largely from questions about the sources and validity of what ----.
(A) it is known as human knowledge (B) is known as human knowledge (C) known human knowledge
(D) is human knowledge known
答案：B
解释：介词of的宾语残缺, B 构成宾语从句, 包含短语be known as；A多主语it; C 无法与what契合; D 语序错误
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注意：介词后面不能够接 that 所引导的从句，除非in that连起来作为特殊的状语从句引导词，表原因 (3) (Exer1_21_31)
Soprano Julia Migenes-Johnson believes in that her Latin American background A B
helped her interpret the role of the Spanish character Carmen in a 1984 opera film. Ｃ D
答案： A
应改为：believes
解释：介词后面一般不能够接that 引导的从句。除非in that连起来
(4)
Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual ---- travel over land and water on a layer of air .
(A) they (B) in they (C) that they (D) in that they
答案：D
解释：空格前是句子的主谓语，空格后是谓语结构，空格处需要从句引导词及从句主语，只有D符合题意，in that是特殊的状语从句引导词，表原因 词汇：hovercraft: 水翼船, cushion: 垫子
第三节 介词固定搭配
介词和动词、形容词、名词等词的搭配是掌握介词用法的难点和关键，必须下大功夫牢记，TOEFL题中大量考察介词搭配问题，是准备的重点之一，下面对常见常考搭配稍作总结，可作复习的参考，但因篇幅所限，不可能面面俱到，还需考生多注意平时积累
一、常搭配使用的介词和介词短语 1. from?to /till /until
2. because of, on account of (由于), by means of, in front of, in spite of (=despite), instead of, in honour of (为纪念，为庆祝)，in danger of (在?.危险之中)
3. according to, due to, with regard to, prior to, owing to, , in relation to, in response to, to a great extent, in addition to(=besides)
4. together with, along with, in connection with, in comparison with, apart from
二、与on /upon搭配
1. act on, rely on, depend on, feed on, comment on, concentrate on, rest on, in
2. be based on, be keen on, be dependent on
The boy is keen on mathematics. (这个男孩对数学感兴趣)
三、与of搭配
1. think of , consist of, take charge of
2. be composed of, be made up of, be capable of, be typical of, regardless of, bare of, be deprived of
3. the use of, the ratio of?to, a minimum of
四、与with搭配
1. deal with, interfere with, compare with /to, share with, join with
2. be familiar with, familiarity with, be credited with, be associated with,
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be concerned with, be filled with, be infused with, be consistent with
五、与in搭配
1. result in /from, succeed in, lie in, specialize in, originate in /from, live in, believe in 2. be interested in, be found in, be rich in, be involved in
六、与for搭配
1. account for, substitute for, look for, search for, run for (竞选), ask for 2. be suited for, be responsible for, be famous /known /noted for(因?..而著名) be valuable for, be appreciated for
七、与to搭配
1. belong to, lead to, refer to, relate to, devote to, adapt to, adjust to, dedicate to, commit to,
owe to, do harm to, lead to, date back to, give way to, contribute to
2. be resistant to, be similar to, be equal to, be sensitive to, be subject to, be close to, be native to, contrary to, be adapted to, be destined to (注定)
八、其他
1. range from?to, benefit from, distinguish?from , derive from, stem from, break away from, protect from, prevent from, prohibit from, shield from
2. serve as, regard as, consider as, describe as, remember as, be known as, 3. transform?into, convert?into, change?into, divide?into, 4. rank among
例题： (1)
The young of most bird species are totally dependence on parental care after A B C hatching. D 答案：B
应改为：dependent.
解释：be dependent on是固定词组, 意同depend on
(2)
Mary Cassatt specialized ----mothers with their children. (A) painted
(B) who painted (C) paintings (D) in painting
答案：D
解释：此句涉及动词词组specialize in doing ,表示专门从事某事。A 与原句谓语冲突;B定语从句无先行词；C与空前后的成分都无法连接
the end.
part 2 of 2 / [1] [2] \\
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第五章动词
动词是表达句意的精髓，句子的时态、语态等全依靠动词来体现。 动词可分为实意动词（如：go, do, make）、系动词（如：be, remain, seem）、助动词和情态动词（见第七章）
实意动词又可分为及物动词，即可接宾语的词，如：yield, resist, discover；和不及物动词，即不能直接接宾语的词，如：go, begin, happen。有很多词既是及物动词又是不及物动词，如：drop, grow, fail
第一节 不定式
不定式是动词的非谓语形式，它的构成为：to+动词原形，to可视为不定式的标志词，两个动词常用to连接构成不定式。
不定式可以有多种形式，如：主动式（to drink, to see）、被动式（to be continued, to be understood）、完成式（to have completed, to have been adopted）、进行式（to be leaving）等
不定式在句中常作下列成分：
考点一 不定式作宾语、主语或表语
1. 作宾语：不定式多接在谓语动词后作宾语
如：He decided to put in a good word for me at the meeting. I didn't expect to hear from you so soon. 常用的可接不定式宾语的动词有：decide, expect, determine, offer, forget, remember, want, prefer, wish, hope, continue, begin, attempt, agree, etc.
例：Human beings are social animals who usually prefer not to live in physical or psychological isolation.
2. 作主语：不定式短语可作主语
如：To see is to believe (百闻不如一见)
To work hard should be your major concern.
注意：由于英文不习惯句子主语过长，不定式主语常被形式主语it所代替(详见第十七章) 例如上面第二句可以变为： It should be your major concern to work hard. 又如： It is very nice of you to help me.
It is hard for you to carry this heavy box.
3. 作表语：当句子的主语是purpose, aim, duty, goal, hope, plan, suggestion, idea, intention, problem, mistake, reaction等表示“意图”、“目的”、“功能”等意思的词时，一般由不定式作表语 如：His only purpose in life is to seek truth.
Our plan was to raise money for the new project.
例题： (1)
Before the invention of the clock, people had to reliable on the celestial bodies to A B C tell time. Ｄ
答案：C
应改为：rely.
解释：此处to是构成不定式的标志词, 之后应接动词原形
(2) Chinese immigrants began ---- to the United States in large numbers in the middle of the nineteenth century.
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