Street investors fired sell orders, hitting stock prices with their heaviest declines since 1982. Testifying in Washington, Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker fired the single most damaging salvo by warning that the deficits envisaged in the budget pose a \and present danger,\threatening to keep Interest rates high and tip the economy into a new recession. Vote-conscious Congressmen attacked the budget from all angles. And throughout the barrage, Administration officials were hunkering down behind sandbags.
The size of the deficits is staggering. Rudolph Penner, director of the Congressional Budget Office, predicted that if policy is not changed, the flow of red ink will swell from $190 billion this year to $326 billion by 1989. Congressmen of both parties agreed that Reagan's election-year package, calling for modest spending cuts and small revenue increases achieved by closing tax loopholes, would hardly dent the deficit. Said Republican Senator John Heinz of Pennsylvania: \Grumbled Congressman Charles Roemer, a Louisiana Democrat: \is like a Louisiana bullfrog: all mouth, no guts.\
In testimony on Capitol Hill, the President's men acknowledged that the economy was in danger. Chief Economic Adviser Martin Feldstein, known as the Administration's \agreed with Penner's warning that the deficit could reach the $300 billion range by the end of the decade. If that happened, said Feldstein, federal borrowing would be swallowing 75% of American savings and putting powerful upward pressure on interest rates. Even Treasury Secretary Donald Regan, usually an optimist and a critic of Feldstein's dour outlook, admitted that \proper fiscal and monetary policies, there is a possibility of our slipping back into a recession in the U.S.\the Federal Reserve speeds up growth of the U.S. money supply, warned Treasury Under Secretary Beryl Sprinkel, a recession could start this year.
华尔街股价下跌
罗纳德.里根1985财政年度的财政预算，上周遭到了猛烈地抨击。华尔街的投资者深感不安，每天都要下令抛售股票，压低股票价格，导致1982年以来最大幅度的下跌，联邦储备局主席保罗.沃尔克在华盛顿作证时放了最厉害的一炮。他告诫说：从财政预算中可以预见的赤字，带来“清清楚楚的、实实在在的危险”，使得利率居高不下，使得经济失去平衡。
赤字数额高得惊人。国会预算审议室主任鲁道夫.彭纳预言：如果政策不改变，赤字的泛滥将从今年的一千九百亿美元，增至1989年地三千二百六十亿美元。
总统的幕僚在国会作证时承认，经济处于危险状态。总统的首席经济顾问马丁.费尔斯坦，人称政府中的“忧郁博士”，他赞同彭纳提出的告诫：至80年代末，赤字将达到三千亿美元这一幅度。费尔斯坦说，如果出现这一情况，联邦政府的举债将耗去美国人积蓄的75%，产生强大的压力使利率上涨。财政部长唐纳德.里甘本来是个乐天派，对费尔斯坦的忧郁观点常持批评态度，可是就连他也承认：“没有正确的财政金融政策，美国可能再度陷入经济衰退。”财政部次长贝里尔.斯普林克警告说：如果联邦储备局不加速增加美国的货币供应量，今年就会出现经济衰退。
四、文学文体的翻译
文学文体的翻译语言应具有形象、生动、抒情、象征性和韵律感等特点。 文学作品的生命在意境。
A young member of the band turned her head at the exclamation. She was a fine and handsome girl - not handsomer than some others, possibly - but her mobile peony mouth and large innocent eyes added eloquence to colour and shape. She wore a red ribbon in her hair, and was the only one of the white company who could boast of such a pronounced adornment. As she looked round Durbeyfield was seen moving along the road in a chaise belonging to The Pure Drop, driven by a frizzle-headed brawny damsel with her gown-sleeves rolled above her elbows. This was the cheerful servant of that establishment, who, in her part of factotum, turned groom and ostler at times. Durbeyfield, leaning back, and with his eyes closed luxuriously, was waving his hand above his head, and singing in a slow recitative--
`I've-got-a-gr't-family-vault-at-Kingsbere - and knighted-forefathers-in-lead-coffins-there!'
The clubbists tittered, except the girl called Tess - in whom a slow heat seemed to rise at the sense that her father was making himself foolish in their eyes.
`He's tired, that's all,' she said hastily, `and he has got a lift home, because our own horse has to rest to-day.'
`Bless thy simplicity, Tess,' said her companions. `He's got his market-nitch. Haw-haw!'
`Look here; I won't walk another inch with you, if you say any jokes about him!' Tess cried, and the colour upon her cheeks spread over her face and neck. In a moment her eyes grew moist, and her glance drooped to the ground.
听见这声叫喊，队伍中有一个年轻的姑娘扭头来。她是一个标志俊俏的姑娘——也许不比别的姑娘漂亮——不过她那两片灵动红艳的嘴唇，那一双天真烂漫的大眼睛，又给她的姿色平添了几分慑人的魅力。她头上扎着一根红绸带，在这白色的队伍中，能够显耀这种引人注目的装饰的，还只有她一个人。且说她扭过头来，看见德北菲尔德正坐着醇沥酒店的马车，一路驶来，赶车的是一个头发卷曲、体魄健壮的姑娘，两只袖子卷到了胳膊肘上面。这是醇沥酒店那位开心的伙计，因为是打杂的，有时候也做喂马赶车的差事。德北菲尔德仰着身子，惬意地闭着眼睛，一只手在头挥来挥去，嘴里用慢悠悠的宣叙调唱道：“俺家在金斯比尔有一大片祖坟，俺那些封为爵士的祖先都葬在那儿的铅棺里。‖
妇女会的人全都吃吃地笑起来，只是那个叫做苔丝的姑娘例外——她见父亲在当众出丑，脸上似乎慢慢升起一阵火辣辣的感觉。
―他只不过是累了，‖她连忙说道：―就搭个车回家，因为我们家的马今天休息。‖ ―你好天真呀，苔丝，‖她的同伴们说，―他这是赶完集市灌饱了黄汤吧。哈哈！‖
―听着，你们要是笑话他，我就一步也不跟你们走了！‖苔丝大声嚷道，脸颊上的红晕传遍整个脸，传到脖子根。 转眼间，她的眼圈湿了，目光垂到地下。
As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,
So deep in luve am I:
And I will luve thee still, my dear,
Till a‘ the seas gang dry:
Till a‘ the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi‘ the sun: I will luve thee still, my dear, While the sands o‘ life shall run 我的好姑娘，你有多么美， 我的情也有那么深。 我将永远爱你，亲爱的，
直到大海干枯水流尽。 直到大海干枯水流尽， 太阳把岩石烧作灰尘， 我也永远爱你，亲爱的， 只要我一息尚存。
Tips:注意划线部分句子的翻译
第九章
理论知识：
一．语言是文化的产物，也是文化的载体。（例子1.2.3.4）
语言和文化是一个互为依存、密不可分的整体。语言是文化的一部分，又是文化的映像。 德国语言学家洪堡特指出：语言是自我的表达，也是文化的反映。
译者必须具有文化意识，就是译者要认识到翻译既是跨语言、又是跨文化的信息交流，而文化的差异跟语言的差异一样，可能成为交流的障碍。
二．翻译不仅是语际转换，也是跨文化转换（例子5.6.7）
鲁迅说过：翻译的首要的目的，就在博览外国的作品，不但移情，也要益智至少是知道何时何地有这等事，和旅行国外是很相像的：它必须有异国情调，就是所谓洋气。 文化传真：译者不要轻易改变原文中所蕴含的异国情调，特别是要切记把异域文化特色改换成译语的文化特色。 三．跨文化转换的策略 1.移植法（例子8.9.10）
2.借用法：借用汉语现成的俗语来传译英语的俗语。 3.意译法（例子11.12）
1.The two gigantic negroes that now laid hold of tom, with fiendish exultation in their face ,might have formed no unapt personification of power of darkness.
这时，那两个高大的黑人把汤姆一把抓住，脸上流露出魔鬼般得喜悦神色（那摸样活像是阎罗王再世）
2.But you is all right. You gwyne to have considerable trouble in yo’life, en considerable joy. Sometimes you gwyne to git hurt, en sometimes you gwyne to git sick; but every time you’s gwyne to git well agin.可是你的八字还不错。命中有不少凶险，也有不少吉利，有时候你会受伤，有时候会得病；可是回回儿都能逢凶化吉。
3“My dear Mr. Bennet, \at last?\
有一天，班纳特太太对她的好老爷说：“我的好老爷，尼日斐花园终于租出去了，你听说了没有？”
4. He is very young to settle,‖ was Mr. Woodhouse‘s observation. ―He had better not be in a hurry.‖ (Emma)
伍德豪斯先生的见解与众不同。埃尔顿先生要算早婚，其实用不着这样急急忙忙。 ―他现在就成家，还太年轻了，‖伍德豪斯先生说。“他最好不要匆忙行事。”
5．Like a hairshirt or a bed of nails ,the more one hates it ,the more virtuous it makes one feel. 就像穿刚毛衬衣，睡钉子床一样，你越是不喜欢，就越觉得自己的品行高尚。
6.Wine was thicker than blood to the Mondavi brothers ,who feuded bitterly over control of the family business,Charles Krug Winery.
对于蒙特维兄弟来说，酒浓于水，他们为了争夺查尔斯.库勒格酿酒厂这份家业，而斗得不可开交。
7. Oh, that‘s all!‖ said Tess.
“You couldn’t expect her to thrw her arms round’ee, en to kiss and coll’ee all at once.”哦，就是这么几句吗？怎么，她哪能一下就把你抱上锅，撮上炕的哪？
8. ―Why not ? ?beauty lies in the love's eyes,‘as the saying goes,‖Mr.Taft answered with a gentle smile.
塔夫先生温和地笑道：“有啥大惊小怪的？俗话说的好：‘情人眼里出西施’。”
9.An‘after all her bringin-up an‘what I tol‘her an‘talked wid her ,she goes teh d‘bad ,like a duck the water.
我生她养她，叮咛来嘱咐去，她还是去做那伤风败俗的事儿，跟鸭子下水一样有瘾头。 10.I am glad for my own sake ,that he is not so black as he is painted. 我为自己感到高兴，他并不像人们说的那么坏。
11.Georgiana ,the eldest ,with her black ringlets, her flashing eyes, her noble aquiline profile ;her Swan-like neck,, and sloping shoulders, was orientally dazzling.(A. Huxley :come yellow)
大小姐乔治亚娜乌发鬈鬈，双眸明亮，侧面看去，高高的鼻梁，显得颇为高贵，加上白天鹅似的柔颈，下削的玉楼，活脱脱一个令人炫目的东方美人。 12.He is a frugal man ;the furnishings of his home are truly Spartan. 他非常简朴，家中的陈设也像斯巴达人那样简陋。
第十章 忠实与叛逆
翻译中的叛逆性行为分为无意性叛逆和有意性叛逆。 无意性叛逆是指译者并无叛逆之心，但却由于误解、疏漏以及译笔过于拘谨或过于自由等原因，而导致了不应有的叛逆。
本章主要讲解有意性叛逆的几种。权益性叛逆，策略性叛逆，关照性叛逆，创造性叛逆。 一：权益性叛逆，指译者由于翻译难度较大、自身能力有限，或考虑一吻读者的需求和接受能力等因素，而不得不采取的一些权益性处理办法。
二：策略性叛逆，指在翻译时要考虑议入国的主导意识，考虑“赞助人”的意愿要求，考虑译文读者的情趣和接受力。
三：关照性叛逆，指的是对译文读者的关照，为此而对艰涩难懂的原文做出某种形式的明晰化处理。
四：创造性叛逆，指译者在语言层面对译文所做的脱胎换骨的转化处理。主要有两种情况：一是在语言差异较大，不便直译的情况下，敢于冲破原语的束缚，译出意义最切近而又符合译语规范的译文； 例如：
1 .Even a ten-year-old could see this wasn‘t just the moon. This was The Moon.(M.E. Potter:‖When the Moon Follow Me‖)
就连十岁的孩童也能看出，这不仅仅是个月亮，这是个大写的月亮。
2. ? it was wrong in her situation. I wanted her to stay at home and rest this morning, but she would come with us; she longed so much to see you all !(J.Austn and Sensibility,Ch.19,V.I)
??她的情况不大好。我想让她今天上午留在家里休息，但她一定要和我们一起来；她太想肩带哦你们了！
二是，在遇到原文出现文字游戏之类的变异情况下，要采取“以变应变得“策略，舍弃表层意义，传达深层意蕴，即译出精神，译出风格，译出原味的妙处。这叫有得有失，舍小求大。
