Top marathon runners tend to be lean and light, star swimmers are long thighs withhuge feet and gold medal weightlifters are solid blocks of muscle with short arms andlegs. So, does your physical shape--and the way your body works--fit you for aparticular sport? Or does your body develop a certain way because of your chosen sport?
\University of Nottingham Medical School. Rennie cites the caseof identical twins from Germany, one of whom was a long-distance athlete, the other apowerful sportsman, so, \twins.\
Someone who's 1.5-meters tall has little chance of becoming an elite basketballplayer. Still, being over two meters tall won't automatically push you to Olympic gold.\you have access to good equipment,medical care and the psychological conditions, and unless you are able to drive yourself through pain, all the physical strength will be in vain,\said Craig Sharp, professor ofsports science at Britain's Brunel University.
Jonathan Robinson, an applied sports scientist at the University of Bath's sportsdevelopment department, in southwest England, points to the importance of technique.\force comes from the legs, sotechnique is vital.\
Having the right physique for the right sport is a good starting point. Seventeenyears ago, the Australian Institute of Sport started a national Talent Search Program,which searched schools for 14-16-year-olds with the potential to be elite athletes. One oftheir first finds was Megan Still, world champion rower. In 1987, Still had never pickedup an oar in her life. But she had almost the perfect physique for a rower. After intensivetraining, she won gold in women's rowing in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.
Other countries have followed the Australian example. Now the explosion of geneticknowledge has meant that there is now a search, not just for appropriate physique but alsofor \57. It can be concluded from the passage that__________.
A. physical strength is more important for sportspersons' success B. training conditions are more important for sportspersons' success C. genes are more important for sportspersons' success
D. psychological conditions are more important for sportspersons' success 58. The case of identical twins from Germany shows that_________. A. environment can help determine people's body shape
B. genes are the decisive factors for people's body shape C. identical twins are likely to enjoy different sports
D. identical twins may have different genes for different sports
59. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by Craig Sharp as a required quality for asportsperson to win an Olympic gold medal?
A. The physical strength.
B. The right training conditions. C. The talent for the sports. D. The endurance for pains.
60. Seventeen years ago Megan Still was chosen for rowing because____________. A. she had the talent for rowing B. her body shape was right for a rower C. she had the performance genes D. she was a skillful rower
61. The word \ A. the most wealthy B. the most skilled
C. the most industrious D. the most intelligent
62. The elite athletes of the future may come from people who naturally possess___________. A. the best body shapes and an iron purpose
B. the extremes of the right physique and strong wills C. the right psychological conditions and sports talents D. the right physique and genes for sports
Passage Three
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For years, a network of citizens' groups and scientific bodies has been claiming thatscience of global warming is inconclusive. But who funded them?
Exxon's involvement is well known. ExxonMobil is the world's most profitablecorporation. It makes most of its money from oil, and has more to lose than any othercompany from efforts to tackle climate change. To safeguard its profits, ExxonMobilneeds to sow doubt about whether serious action needs to be taken on climate change.But there are difficulties: it must confront a scientific consensus as strong as that whichmaintains that smoking causes lung cancer or that HIV causes Aids. So what's itsstrategy?
The website Exxonsecrets.org, using data found in the company's official documents,lists 124 organizations that have taken money from the company or work closely withthose that have. These organizations take a consistent line on climate change: that thescience is contradictory, the scientists are split, environmentalists are liars or lunatics, andif governments took action to prevent global warming, they would be endangering theglobal economy for no good reason. The findings these organizations dislike are labeled\science\The findings they welcome are labeled \
This is not to claim that all the science these groups champion is bogus. On thewhole, they use selection, not invention. They will find one contradictory study - such asthe discovery of tropospheric (对流层的) cooling - and promote it relentlessly. They willcontinue to do so long after it has been disproved by further work. So, for example, JohnChristy, the author of the troposphere paper, admitted in August 2005 that his figureswere incorrect, yet his initial findings are still being circulated and championed by manyof these groups, as a quick internet search will show you.
While they have been most effective in the United States, the impacts of theclimate-change deniers sponsored by Exxon have been felt all over the world. Bydominating the media debate on climate change during seven or eight critical years inwhich urgent international talks should have been taking place, by constantly seedingdoubt about the science just as it should have been most persuasive, they have justifiedthe money their sponsors have spent on them many times over.
63. Which of the following has NOT been done by the organizations to establish theirposition on climate change'? A. Damaging the reputation of environmentalists.
B. Emphasizing the lack of consensus among scientists. C. Stressing the unnecessary harm to tile global economy. D. Protecting the scientific discoveries from being misused.
64. Which of the following is closest in meaning to \
A. Reasonable. B. Fake. C. Limitless. D. Inconsistent. 65. John Christy is mentioned to show_______________. A. how closely these organizations work with scientists
B. how these organizations select scientific findings for theirownpurpose C. how important correct data are for scientists to make sound discoveries D. how one man's mistake may set back the progress of science 66. The organizations sponsored by Exxon ___________. A. have lived up to their promises
B. have almost caused worldwide chaos C. have failed to achieve their original goal
D. have misunderstood the request of the sponsor 67. The passage is mainly focused on____________. A. Exxon's involvement in scientific scandals
B. Exxon's contributions to the issue of climate change C. Exxon's role in delaying solutions to global warming
D. Exxon's efforts to promote more scientific discoveries 68. What is the author's tone in presenting the passage?
A. Factual. B. Praiseful. C. Biased. D. Encouraging.
Passage Four
Where anyone reaching the age of 60 was considered to be near death's door at theturn of the 20th century, it is barely old enough for retirement at the turn of the 21stcentury. And scientists are still not holding back. They say that as new anti-ageingtreatments become available, our species will get even older. While few would argue thatliving longer is an attractive idea, the rapid increase in the number of years begs aquestion: Can our health expectancy be as close as possible to our life expectancy?
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Predictions for future health expectancy have changed over the past few decades. Inthe 1980s, life expectancy was increasing but the best data suggested that for everyincreased year of life expectancy, a greater fraction was disabled life expectancy. Whatwe would see was a piling up of chronic illness and related disability which medicalscience couldn't prevent.
But that world view changed suddenly in the early 1990s with the publication of astudy by researchers at DukeUniversity, who had been following the health of 20,000people for almost a decade. They showed that disability among the elderly was not onlydropping, but it was doing so at an ever-increasing rate.
Arian Richardson, director of the Barshop Institute for Ageing and Longevityresearch, predicts that understanding the mechanisms behind calorie restriction and othergenetic reasons behind ageing could be used within the next two decades to give peopleseveral extra healthy years of life. Restrict how much an animal eats, for example, and itwill live longer. In lab experiments, rats on calorie-restricted diets were found to bephysiologically younger, got diseases later in life and, at any rate, had less severe cases.\the increase in lifespan is usually in the rangeof 15-30% maximum,\to trigger a switch inan animal's behaviour from normal to a state of stasis in which growth and ageing aretemporarily put on hold. When food becomes available again, the animal's behaviourswitches back.
Richardson says that thinking about stopping ageing is a \bit silly\at themoment but doesn't dismiss it altogether, arguing that none of the illnesses related toageing should be inevitable. Start with a high-quality body (and that means eating yourgreens, not smoking and doing lots of exercise in your younger days) and you can keep itgoing for longer with high quality maintenance. \car.\
69. It can be seen from the first paragraph that people have doubts on whether _____________. A. is possible to live a longer healthyandlife B. humans can live as long as scientists predict C. living longer is still considered a good idea D. new anti-ageing treatments are safe for humans
70. In the 1980s, the data on people's health expectancy_______________. A. gave an optimistic prediction B. showed an unclear future
C. led to a pessimistic perception D. turned out to be a mixed blessing
71. In the lab experiment on rats,_____________.
A. food restriction is not the only factor proved to have worked B. responses to food restriction vary from animal to animal C. the animals' lifespan increases with the amount of food eaten D.different amounts of food cause a change in the animals' behavior 72. Richardson believes that_________.
A. it is impossible for humans to stop ageing B. it is worthless to talk about stopping ageing C. stopping ageing is a dream that may come true
D. illness is the biggest obstacle to stopping ageing
73. Rolls-Royce is used to convey the idea that_______________. A. quality life is out of reach for most people B. quality life can slow down the process of aging
C. how long one can live depends on the genes one carries
D. the more money one invests in health, the healthier one will be. 74. The most suitable title for the passage is“___________”. A. Problems of An Ageing Society B. Health Care for the Elderly C. Eating Healthier, Living Longer D.The Future of Old Age
Passage Five
In dealing with a student who is acting aggressively toward his classmates, you wantto send a strong message that aggressive behavior will not be tolerated in your classroom.In addition, you want to help him develop more appropriate ways of settling disputes withhis peers.
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If two elementary school students are engaged in a fight, use a strong loud voice tostop it. If that doesn't work, you might say something odd (\stop and you can't separate them,send a student to the office to get help. If a crowd of children is gathering, insist that theymove away or sit down, perhaps clapping your hands to get their attention: After theincident is over, meet with the combatants together so they can give you their versions ofwhat happened and you can help them resolve any lingering problems. Also notify theparents.
Speak in a firm, no-nonsense manner to stop a student's aggressive behavior: usephysical restraint as a last resort. When responding to the student, pay attention to yourverbal as well as non-verbal language. Even if he is yelling at you, stay calm. Allow himto express what he is upset about without interrupting him and then acknowledge hisfeelings. Avoid crossing your arms, pointing a finger or making threats: any of thoseactions could intensify his anger and stiffen his resistance.
You might conclude that a student's aggressive behavior warrants separating himfrom the rest of the class, either to send him a strong message that what he did merits aserious consequence or to protect the other students. You can do that by giving him a timeout in class or by sending him to the office.
Although he might expect you to react punitively, surprise him by reactingsupportively. Express your confidence that he can resolve problems without being hurtfulto his peers. Tell him that you think he must be upset about something to lose control ashe did and you want to understand what might be bothering him. If he does open up toyou, listen attentively without interrupting. Speaking m a calm voice, tell him that youunderstand why he was upset, but stress that he has to find a way to express his angerwith words rather than with his hands.
You don't want to force an aggressive student to say he is sorry because that mightfuel his anger, however, you do want to strongly encourage him to make amends with thestudent he hit. If he is willing to do that, it will help soothe hurt feelings and avoid futureconflicts.
75. What is the purpose of saying something odd when seeing students in a fight? A. To please the students. B. To surprise the students. C. To get the students' attention. D. To distract the students' attention.
76. What is to be done about a student's aggressive behavior? A. Respond calmly but finny.
B. Tell the student's parents immediately.
C. Ask other students for help to stop the action. D. Have the student go to see the principal.
77. What is NOT encouraged to do toward an aggressive student? A. Use physical restraint.
B. Give the student a time out. C. Point at the student or make threats. D. Talk with the student privately.
78. What does the word \ A. Surprisingly. B. Depressingly.
C. Involving persuasion. D. Involving punishment.
79. What might be the last step to help all aggressive student? A. Encourage the student to be nice to the student he hit. B. Ask the student to promise he'll never do it again. C. Force the student to apologize for his behavior. D. Persuade the student to open up to you.
80. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. Problems in Classrooms. B. Dealing with Student Aggression.
C. Aggressive Behavior in Classrooms. D. Settling a Student Fight.
PART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points) Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)
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