Ⅳ Writing Section A
Directions: The following sentences are grammatically incorrect or incoherent.Improve them.Example: Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, our car was kept in excellent condition. Revision: Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, we kept the car in excellent condition.
1.Spending far too much money on his old car, Fred's salary just wasn't enough. [答疑编号506494040637：针对该题提问]
【答案】Spending far too much money on his old car, Fred did not have enough salary.
Fred 花了太多的钱在他的旧车上，工资不够用了。
【解析】前面主语是Fred，后面分句主语是Fred's salary，前后分句主语不一致，因此需要进行统一。答案为Spending far too much money on his old car ,Fred did not have enough salary。
2.The dog was excited: running, barking and he chased after the boys. [答疑编号506494040638：针对该题提问]
【答案】The dog was excited: running, barking and chasing after the boys. 这条小狗很兴奋：跑着、叫着、追逐着男孩们。
【解析】前后主语不一致，前面主语是the dog，后面主语是he，he 指代不明，容易产生歧义，因此需要将主语统一为the dog。答案为The dog was excited: running, barking and chasing after the boys。
3.Tom didn't like to travel at weekends since you had to be away from home. [答疑编号506494040639：针对该题提问]
【答案】Tom didn't like to travel at weekends since he had to be away from home.
Tom不喜欢在周末旅行，因为他不得不离开家。
【解析】前面主语是Tom，后面主语是you，前后主语不一致，因此需要将后句的 you统一为前面的he。答案为Tom didn't like to travel at weekends since he had to be away from home。
4.There was a penalty clause.It said one had to pay half the cost if you cancelled your boo [答疑编号506494040640：针对该题提问]
【答案】There was a penalty clause.It said one had to pay half the cost if he cancelled his booking.
有一条惩罚条款：如果某人取消了他的预定必须要支付一半费用。
【解析】第二个句子中前后主语不一致，one可指代不确定的某个人，它对应的人称代词一般为he。答案为There was a penalty clause.It said one had to pay half the cost if he cancelled his booking.
5.Standing on the balcony, the ocean view was magnificent. [答疑编号506494040641：针对该题提问]
【答案】Standing on the balcony, we can see the magnificent ocean view. 我们站在阳台上可以看到壮丽的海景。
【解析】前后主语不一致，因此将后面主语the ocean统一为前面主语we，句子相应进行转化。答案为Standing on the balcony, we can see the magnificent ocean view.
Section B
Directions: Supply a topic sentence for the following paragraph.
_______________________.They are those who just happened to be our classmates in school, thwe were once close to but then lost contact with, and those who are and will always be closest us.First, our former classmates.We may never have had much in common.We may have known them throughout our entire school careers but never talked to them outside of school.Second, former acquaintances.These are people we were once close to but whose paths have diverged from our ownmay have grown up in our neighbourhood but then moved away.They will bring back memories we thowe had forgotten.They may be embarrassed on first seeing us again but, as soon as conversation starts, they can talk forever.Finally, our best friends.These are the people in whom we can conpeople with whom we want to share things or do things together, people who give us a sense of security and fulfillment.
[答疑编号506494040642：针对该题提问]
【答案】There are three kinds of friends in our daily life./There are three kinds of people,who can be our friends.
【解题思路】通读全文找出关键词，即三组those who以及后面的first, second, finally可以得出本文主要介绍三种不同类型的朋友。 【参考翻译】主题句：在我们日常生活中有三类朋友。
他们是：我们在校时的同学；我们曾关系密切但后来失去联络的朋友；我们现在和将
来都是亲密的朋友。首先，我们的老同学。我们可能从未有过共同之处，我们可能一直是在同一个学校学习，但出了学校以后就未曾交谈过。第二，老熟人。我们曾经关系不错但是我们走的道路不同。他们可能是一起长大的邻居但后来搬家离开了。他们带给我们一些我们以为已经遗忘了的记忆。初次再见到他们可能会感到尴尬，但是一开始交谈，他们就能聊很久。最后，我们最好的朋友。这是我们可以吐露心声的人、我们要与之共享或共同做些事情的人，这些人给我们安全感和满足感。
Grammar in Focus
非谓语动词：动词不定式（Non-Finite Verbs: Infinitives）
一、非谓语动词用法概述
根据能否在句中独立充当谓语，英语中的动词可分为两大类：谓语动词（finite verbs）和非谓语动词（finite verbs）。能够在句中独立充当谓语的动词称为谓语动词，反之为非谓语动词。非谓语动词可分为三大不定式（the infinitive）、分词（ the participle ）和动名词（ the gerund ）。非谓语动词具有谓语动某些特征，如有否定形式，可以有自己的状语，可以有进行式和完成式，如果是及物动词还可以有被动形式，
己的逻辑主语等；同时它又与一般的谓语动词不同，除了不能单独作谓语外，不定式和动名词还可以起到名词用，不定式和分词可以起到形容词和副词的作用。
二、动词不定式的基本用法
动词不定式，简称不定式，是动词的一种非限定形式。动词不定式在句中除不能用作谓语外，有着广泛的作用，可用作主语、宾语、表语、主语补足语、宾语补足语、定语及各类状语。 1.作主语
To go overseas on your own is very brave. It is very brave to go overseas on your own. 提示：
●英语中不能用动词或其短语直接作主语，而必须采用不定式形式或动名词形式，在这一点上英语和汉语同的。例如：
To learn （Learning）a foreign language well is by no means easy. 上述句子绝不可按照汉语的习惯写成：
*Learn a foreign language well is by no means easy. 2.作宾语
英语中，某些动词后面可以接动词不定式结构作宾语，这些动词可以分为两大类，一类可以直接跟动词不结构作宾语，另一类可以跟疑问词 + 带to的不定式结构。例如：
On second thoughts, they decided not to put this issue on the agenda. I know where to go but I don't know how to get there. 3.作表语
My hobby is to collect stamps.
My plan was to get it all arranged before I told anyone. 4.作主语补足语和宾语补足语
不定式可用作宾语补足语，用以构成主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 语补足语的结构。当含有用不定式结构作宾足语的句子用于被动语态时，不定式结构相应地也就成了主语补足语。例如：
The notice warned us not to swim in the river as it was extremely dangerous.
The Secretary General of the United Nations urged both sides to meet each other half way soto find a solution to current crisis.
She was asked to have the report finished by Friday. 提示
●绝大部分动词后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式结构前都要带上不定式符号to，但在make, let, have,hear, watch, notice, feel, observe 等动词后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式结构前没有不定式符号to。例 The teacher made us do all kinds of exercises before the exam.
但将这些句子转化成被动语态时，不定式结构前省略的不定式符号to必须加上。 如上述例句在转化成被动语态时，应改为：
We were made to do all kinds of exercises before the exam.
●当不定式表示的动作已经结束或已经完成时，作主语补足语的不定式结构常常使用不定式的完成形式，+ have + 过去分词。例如：
She was delighted to have heard from you a week ago.
He is said to have written a new book about the socialist market economy. 5.作状语
不定式结构常常可以用作状语，修饰谓语动词，表示目的、结果、原因或说话人的立场或态度等等。 He works to get paid, not because he enjoys it.
He hurried to the railway station, only to find the train had left five minutes before. I've never heard of him, to be quite honest. 6.作定语
不定式结构常常可以用作定语，放在所修饰的名词之后，这种不定式和它所修饰的名词之间通常有一种逻的动宾关系或主谓关系。例如：
She usually has a lot of social activities to attend in the evenings. He is not a man to give in in face of difficulties.
有些动词和形容词后面常接不定式。当它们转化成同源名词时后面也常接不定式作定语。例如： We must have the courage to admit what we are ignorant of.
He has this enviable ability to ignore everything that's unpleasant in life. 提示
●用作定语的不定式结构中的动词如果是不及物动词，常常需要根据句子的语义，在动词后面加上一个适介词。例如：
As the manager of the company, she has a lot of things to attend to. He is a pleasant fellow to work with.
三、不定式的时态和语态
不定式的一般式通常表示不定式表示的动作与主要谓语动词表示的动作或状态同时发生或接近同时发生，主要谓语动词表示的动作或状态之后发生。如果动词不定式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生，不定要用完成形式。例如：
He felt ashamed to have given you so much trouble.
The president was reported to have been flying across the Atlantic.
如果不定式的逻辑主语是该不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要使用被动形式。如： I think it an honour to be invited here to give a lecture.
She was the first woman to have been elected to such an important post.
Exercises
Directions: Choose the best answer to each of the following questions. 1.Though not very large, my room is very comfortable___________. A）to live B）to live in C）living in D）live in
[答疑编号506494040701：针对该题提问]
【答案】B
【解析】译文：虽然我的房子不是很大，但是住着很舒服。分析句子结构可知本题已经有
谓语动词is了，此空填的应该是非谓语动词，D错；本句是主系表结构，可以用动词不定式来作状语，又因为live是不及物动词，要加介词in。答案为B。
2.Desert animals require a means of maintaining moisture in such hot weather if they are ___________. A）surviving B）to survive C）to be survived D）survived
[答疑编号506494040702：针对该题提问]
【答案】B
【解析】译文：沙漠中的动物要想生存就必须具备在炎热气候中保持水分的方法。A是进
行时，D是被动语态，都不合题意。desert animals和survive之间是主谓关系，C错。可以用不定式来作表语。答案为B。
3.He made me ___________one thing after another all the time.
