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roots go back over a hundred years. One of the earliest projects of this type is the Christmas Bird Count, started by the National Audubon Society in 1900. However, citi zen science projects are burgeoning more than ever： over 60 of them were mentioned at a meeting of the Ecological Society of America not long age.
In formal studies, Professional scientists and other experts need to maintain the highest possible standards. For research to be accepted as valid.it must not only be thorough, but also objective and accurate.Some might argue that citizen scientists cannot maintain the necessary attention to detail ,or that amateurs will misunderstand the context of the investigation and make mistake when collecting and organizing .In other words,can citizen science be considered truly reliable?
Two recent studies show that it can. The first focused on volunteer knowledge and skills.In this study, a scientist asked volunteers to identify(鉴定、识别)types of crabs along the Atlantic coast of the US. He found that almost all adult volunteers could perform the task and even third graders in elementary school had an 80% success rate. The second study compared professional and nonprofessional methods. Following a strict traditional procedure,a group of 12 scuba divers identified 106 species of fish in the Caribbean. Using a procedure designed by professionals to be more relaxed and enjoyable for volunteers, a second group of 12 divers spent the same amount of time in the same waters. Surprisingly, the second method was even more successful： this group identified a total of 137 species. Results like these suggest that research assisted by amateurs can be trusted when scientists organize it.
33. The citizen scientists in Paragraph I A. compare their data with that of other volunteers B. earn some money for the information they gather C. monitor the life cycles of insects in laboratories D. report on their results or activities to professionals
34. The word burgeoning in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to 。 A. causing arguments B. increasing rapidly C. losing popularity D. receiving awards 35. Why does the author emphasize.80% success rate in Paragraph 4? A. To contrast negatively with the adults'success rate. B. To show the high quality of the overall results.
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C. To emphasize how many types of crabs there are. D. To reveal the elementary students'lack of skills. 第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，满分10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填人空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。
About the same time that Gautama was starting Buddhism(佛教)in India, a man in China, a great wise man named Confucius, was teaching the people of China what they ought to do and what they ought not to do. 36
Confucius taught that people should be loyal and obey their kings and also that rulers had a duty to take care of their people. He believed that this would bring peace and harmony in China. 37 This sounds something like one of the Ten Commandments： \your father and your mother.” Confucius also taught the Golden Rule, the same Golden Rule that you are taught today, only instead of saying,“Do unto others as you would have others do unto you”he said,Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you.
38 Maybe you remember the name of the river that was the cradle of Chinese civilization. It was the Huang River, or Yellow River, that overflowed with thick yellow mud. This mud fertilized the soil where people grew their crops. People settled first along the Huang and then also along the Yangtze River, also called the Long River.
China is very far away from all the other places. It was isolated from the rest of the ancient world. The Himalaya Mountains lie to the west and the Gobi Desert to the north. On the south are more mountains and seas. On the east lies the great Pacific Ocean that stretches all the way to the west coast of the United States. In the days before large sailing ships and way before airplanes, the Chinese had very little contact with any other people. 39
We know the Chinese had a written language as early as 1500 B. C. at a time when the Shang Dynasty ruled northern China. 40 The Chinese never switched(转变)to an alphabet but continue to use characters.-a different character for each word. It must be very hard to learn to read and write Chinese.
A. China had one of the earliest civilizations in the world.
B. His teachings filled several books and formed what came to be a way of life for the Chinese and many other people in Asia.
C. By 600 A. D. the Chinese had invented printing and used printing presses.
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D. So Chinese culture developed all by itself.
E. The Chinese were first to discover how to make explosive powder,the kind that we use both for gunpowder and for fireworks.
F. He taught people to obey their parents and teachers and to honor their ancestors. G. You can see that Chinese writing is still very different from the writing in any other country.
第三部分 英语知识运用(共两节，满分45分) 第-节完形填空（共20小题;每小题1.5分，满分30分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从36-55题所给的四个选项(A,B,C和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
There is a candy shop near where I live. On its 41 it says,“Made Fresh Every Hour.“History is being made every day. It is being made fresh every hour. We read about it in the newspapers and the magazines, or 42 about it on the radio or television.
Up to this time, history has been 43 by the story of one war after another-some big, some small, some short, some long. Almost always a right has been going on somewhere.It has been War, War, War-Fight, Fight, Fight. Children 44 ，kick and bite. But the older we get, the 45 we use our fists(拳头)and feet to 46 quarrels. Fighting seems to be a sign of childhood-that we are kids-and our fights, which we call wars，a sign ofhow 47 the world really is and we really are-a sign that the world is still but a minute or two old.
Now we admire and praise as heroes Horatius, Leonidas, Joan of Arc, General Eisenhower, and those who have defended their countries 48 the attacks of the enemy, as we would admire a man who stops a burglar or a murderer who attacks his family in the night. But those, 49 kings, generals, or princes, who do the attacking and take life with no other excuse than to add to their power or wealth or glory,，no better than burglars, who，forth with a gun and a blackjack to waylay(拦路抢劫)，rob and murder for the same purpose. War kills,war destroys, war 50 millions of lives and billions of 51 ，-money that could be used to make us 52 , to make the world a better place, instead of causing bitterness, suffering,misery and unhappiness, widows and orphans. No one is better off, not even the winner. War is a terrible game, in which even the 53 loses. This is 54 ： If wars do not end, they will be fought with weapons so deadly that all the people of a country or even of a 55 may be killed. Already atomic bombs 56 with such a blast that one bomb can blow a whole city to smithereens(碎片).Perhaps, if wars continue，there wont
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be anyone 57 alive in the whole wide world; and that will be the 58 of human history. Perhaps wars can be stopped. Many people everywhere go on trying and hoping to end the danger of another war. It isn` t easy to prevent wars,but if the United Nations can act like a fire department to put out wars like 59 before they get burning too 60 , then the world can go on with years of peace.
41. A. signal B. sigh C. sign D.sight 42. A. hear B. watch C. listen D.see 43. A. studied B. changed C. ignored D.marked 44. A. kiss B. scratch C. hug D.dance 45. A. less B. mote C. younger D.fewer 46. A. cause B. settle C. make D.have 47. A. old B. green C. powerful D.young 48. A. against B. for C. with D.after 49. A. unless B. whether C. if D.like 50. A. spends B. pays C. costs D.waits 51. A. babies B. buildings. C. dollars D.officers 52. A. sad B. happy C. confused D.exhausted 53. A. winner B. loser C. competitor D.soldier 54. A. endless B. doubtful C. certain D.critical 55. A. state B. country C. nation D.continent 56. A. explode B. ban C. is dropped D.is planted 57. A. returned B. gone C. buried D.left 58. A. beginning B. start C. end D.loss 59. A. water B. ice C. wood D.fires 60. A. lightly B. fiercely C. warmly D.gently 第二节 语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分.满分15分)
阅读下面材料，在空白处填人适当的内容(不多于3个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。答案写在答题卡上。
People have been 61 (praise) the Taj Mahal for hundreds of years. This stone monument has been 62 (describe) as“a pearl，” “the jewel of India,” “ a dream in marble,” “ 63 most beautiful building in the world. ” But then the Taj Mahal is no ordinary building. What is
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