http://www.onlycollege.com.cn/ Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers. Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making — all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by
http://www.onlycollege.com.cn/ e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
51. A. desire B. seek C. lose
D. dislike
52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme 53. A. vice versa 54. A. outside 55. A. replacing 56. A. refer
B. for example C. however
D. otherwise
B. inside C. below D. above B. assessing
C. managing C. object C. election
D. encouraging D. apply D. impression
B. contribute B. practice B. experienced B. training
57. A. agreement 58. A. bossy 59. A. asking
C. western D. male C. warning
D. firing
60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
61. A. honoured B. left C. crowded D. compared 62. A. economically 63. A. deny 64. A. virtual
B. traditionally
C. inadequately D. occasionally
B. admit C. assume D. ensure B. ineffective
C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
65. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
答案与解析：
http://www.onlycollege.com.cn/ 51-55 DABDC 56-60 BADAC 61-65 BBDAC
51. D dislike。该题不难，主要考查学生是否有把前后文联系起来的能力。该题选dislike ，是由后文“and will do anything to avoid it.”得来的。
52. A contrary。该题与上题类似，是上下文联系能力与语法知识的综合考查。由段一可知X理论和Y理论是两个相反的理论。且由despite可知主从句内容相反，故答案为contrary。 53. B for example。第二段第一句是一个概括句，与该句讲的都是同一件事情，该句是对第一句的举例说明。不可能是表转折的词，故该题选for example。
54. D above。该题考查的是联系上下文的能力及above的用法。“that decisions must be imposed from above without consultation”句意为决策一定是由上级强制执行而不经过讨论。above有上级的意思。如，an order from above上级的命令。
55. C managing。文章第一段以麦格雷戈两大管理理论引出对管理员工的讨论。全文都在讨论员工管理问题，故该题选managing 。
56. B contribute。该题所在句破折号后面的内容是对“the consultative nature of decision-making” 的解释说明，并且前文有“Unlike authoritarian management”的信息点作为提示。因此，需要部门或工作小组所有的人员都在决策制定过程中做贡献，故该题选contribute。
57. A agreement。第二段主要介绍了专制性管理，而第三段开始描述亚洲的民主决策的管理方式。本句提到西方模仿亚洲的管理方式。而这种管理方式需要得到大多数管理人员的认同，故答案为agreement。
http://www.onlycollege.com.cn/ 58. D male。由前半句中“Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men”的信息可以判断这里谈论的是成为高效的管理人员，女士与男士相比的优势所在，故该题选择male。
59. A asking。从前半句得知：最近的趋势是鼓励雇员发挥主动性，即做自己做决定而不需要先询问管理人员。故选择asking。
60.C reducing。该题所在句冒号后的内容是用来解释downsizing的意思。downsizing是缩小规模的意思，故该空选择reducing。即减少公司的管理层人数。
61. B left。由上文得知，对管理层的人员进行削减自然会导致公司只剩下a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees。所以选left。
62. B traditionally。该题考查上联系下文能力。综合理解，empowerment是一中新的管理倾向，因此much further 自然是和传统的管理方式进行比较，其它选项不具有干扰性。 63. D ensure。授权和委托意味着新的管理模式来保证业务计划的进行，这里to do 表示目的，to ensure 即表示为了保证总体业务计划的进行。
64. A virtual。另外的一种趋势及off-site，这里有or，说明该单词与off-site并列，但不知道off-site词义也没关系，根据后文teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses可知，这种管理方式不是传统的公司管理，而是通过互联网，因此A选项表示虚拟的，符合题意。
65. C performance。由后文可知，管理人员是通过what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them来evaluate（评价）员工的表现，故选择performance。
改编来源：http://doclecture.net/1-57448.html
