c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示”原本…，未能…”
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
d. 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. 注意：had no … when还没等??就?? had no sooner… than刚??就?? e. 用一般过去时代替完成时
(1)两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。 When she saw the mouse，she screamed.
(2)两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。 When I heard the news, I was very excited.
(3)叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 11）将来完成时
构成will / be going to do sth.
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。 They will have been married for 20 years by then. 12）现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法：
a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。 We are waiting for you.
b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel.(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。) c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。 The leaves are turning red.
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带
37
有说话人的主观色彩。
You are always changing your mind. e. 不用进行时的动词 (1)事实状态的动词：
have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue I have two brothers. (2)心理状态的动词：
Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate I need your help. He loves her very much. (3)瞬间动词：
accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse. I accept your advice. (4)系动词：
seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn You seem a little tired. 13）过去进行时
a. 概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。 b. 常用的时间状语：
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 14）将来进行时
a. 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。 I’ll be meeting him sometime in the future.
注意：将来进行时不用于表示”意志”，不能说I'll be having a talk with her. b. 常用的时间状语：
38
Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. c. 一般现在时代替将来时
时间状语从句，条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。 d. 表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。
The museum opens at ten tomorrow.博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。) e. 一般现在时代替过去时 (1)”书上说”，”报纸上说”等。
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。 (2)叙述往事，使其生动。
Napoleon’s army now advances and the great battle begins. f. 一般现在时代替完成时
(1)动词如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say,remember等用一般现在时代替完成时。
(2)句型“ It is … since…”代替”It has been … since …” g. 一般现在时代替进行时
句型：Here comes…, There goes… 如Look, here comes Mr. Li. h. 现在进行时代替将来时
(1)表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。
Are you staying with us this weekend? 这周和我们一起度周末吗? (2)渐变动词，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。 He is dying. i. 时态一致
(1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时。 He told me last week that he is eighteen.
39
(2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。 He thought that I need not tell you the truth. j. 时态与时间状语
一般现在时的时间状语every …, sometimes,at …, on Sunday,
一般过去时esterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now 一般将来时next…, tomorrow, in+时间,
现在完成时for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently
过去完成时before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as
过去进行时this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while
将来进行时soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
17.动词的语态
语态有两种：主动和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
1）若宾语补足语是不带to的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加”to”。此类动词为感官动词。如feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。 The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
--> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher). We saw him play football on the playground. --> He was seen to play football on the playground. 2）情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 3）let的用法
a. 当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to的不定式。 They let the strange go.---> The strange was let go.
b. 若let后宾补较长时，let通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit代替。
40
