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七．不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)
什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。
例１． There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“There are many ways.”以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。 改为：
There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world.或： There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world
八． 措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)
Diction是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。学生所接触的词汇主要来自精读和泛读，他们所掌握的词汇有口语、一般
用语、正式用语，也有俚语、方言；有美国英语，也有英国英语。他们对同义词或近义词的细微区别不太了解，英语词与近义汉字区别不清。例如： 误: He finally resolved the problem. 正:He finally solved the problem.
resolve 的汉语意思是“使分解”、“解决”，resolve虽有解决之意，只是解决的不是问题，而是contradiction 或doubt, 解决问题应用 \。
又如：The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.
(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)
剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use(滥用)”。 改为：
The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.
而英语则有词性的变化，学生辨别词汇种类的能力不够，同一汉语意思的动词、名词和形容词分不清，造成词汇错误。例：
误：The students complaint that there are too much homework. 正：The students complain that there is too much homework. 误：If you work hard, you will be sure to success. 正：If you work hard, you will be sure to succeed.
九．累赘(Redundancy)
言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如： In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.
本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：In spite of his laziness, I like him.
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例１．For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need. 剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。 改为：
Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.
十．不连贯(Incoherence)
不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是初学者常犯的毛病。
例１．The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.剖析：The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。 改为：
Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.
十一．综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage) 所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。 例1．
Today, Money to everybody is very importance, our’s eat, cloth, live, go etc.
针对电大学生来说，他们在作文中常犯的语法错误的类型有：名词单复数变化错误；时态不一致谓语或句型出错，句子不完整；介词、冠词遗漏等。 (1) 时态、人称和数用错
汉语动词无时态、人称和数的变化，而对英语动词来说，这些都至关重要。例： 误：They said they can complete the work in three months. 正：They said they could complete the work in three months. 误：My father is a work and my mother is teachers. 正：My father is a worker and my mother is a teacher.
（2) be 动词遗漏 在主系表结构中，汉语中没有动词的句子是允许的，英语中每个完整的句子都必须有动词来承担谓语，如：“我累了。”这个句子没有动词作谓语，而用形容词，但英语形容词不能作谓语，一定要写成：I'm tired. 误：He will sure to come and help me. 正：He will be sure to come and help me.
(3) 句子不完整
有的考生因为对句子结构认识模糊，所以出现只写半句的现象，这也是造成失分的原因之一。
误：Because the kids thought their wages were too low.
正：Because the kids thought their wages were too low, they demanded a high pay.
误：While waiting for the bus.
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正：While waiting for the bus, he talked with the little girl.
(4) 介词、冠词遗漏
还有一些考生因为没有熟练掌握介词或者冠词的用法，也会出现明显的错误，造成丢分现象。
误：Because his mistake several people died. 正：Because of his mistake several people died. 误：I have never seen such beautiful picture. 正：I have never seen such a beautiful picture.
课堂练习：
1．选择最恰当的词汇
1）He was born into a revolutionary __________. (home, family)
2）Would you like to stop by my _________ (family, home) and have a cup a of tea? 3）During the fighting a few soldiers were _________ (injured, wounded). 4）In the accident his right leg was ________ (injured, wounded).
5）Later he ________ (found, found out) that the real cause of the fire was negligence on the part of the man on duty.
6）n arriving in the ancient city he _______ (found, found out) that it was very quiet and beautiful.
7）o you know the _________ (cause, reason) why he has resigned?
8）The main _________ (cause, reason) of the stoppage was the insufficient supply of raw material.
9）Empress Dowager Cixi was ________ (famous, notorious) for her cruelty.
10）The enemy troops were driven back when they ________ (attempted, tried) to cross the border.
2．改正下列句子中的错误
1) Much more money is offered in Hong Kong, you can enjoy a more
comfortable life there than in some other cities.
2) Because the operator was careless. The new computer was damaged. 3) One should sift the flour before they make the pie.
4) A group of we manages will fly to the convention next Saturday. 5）.I looked at the tree I had felled with my hands in my pockets. 6）The hostess served toast to her guest that was badly burned.
7）The dealer sold the Mercedes to the town banker with leather seats. 8）She laughed as John raged with delight.
9）He returned the bike to a neighbor that was broken. 10）To get up early, the clock was set at six.
第三章 文章的总体结构及框架
第一节英汉表达的差异
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中国人与西方人看问题的方法的确在许多方面存在着差异，而且这种差异的的确确在束缚着中国学生，成为他们英文写作中的拦路虎，使他们不能畅所欲言，不能准确而简洁地表达思想。首先，让我们关注一下英美人与中国人思维方式的不同。英美人的思维方式是直线式的，他们在遣词造句谋篇上遵循着从一般（general）到具体（specific），从概括（summarize）到举例（exemplify），从整体（whole）到个体（respective）的原则。请看短文：
Soccer is a difficult sport．（1）A player must be able to run steadily without rest．（2）Sometimes a player must hit the ball with his or her head．（3）Players must be willing to bang into and be banged into by others．（4） They must put up with aching feet and sore muscles．
上面的这则短文中，主题句（main idea sentence）也就是文章的中心是第一句，（1）（2）（3）（4）句是用来说明主题句的。
而在汉语中，我们习惯于先分后总，先说原因后说结果，即所谓的“前因后果”，如果要表达相同的意思，我们通常这样说：
足球运动员必须能不停地奔跑，有时得用头顶球，撞别人或被别人撞，必须忍受双脚和肌肉的疼痛，所以说，足球运动是一项难度大的运动。
再比如写下面一则便条，因你母亲突然生病，周末你不能和汤姆去跳舞了，你找了舞跳得很好的时黛来代替你，并表示抱歉。 此英语便条为： July 6，2002 Dear Tom，
I am sorry to inform you that I won't be able to go to dance with you this weekend． My mother is suddenly taken ill．In order not to disappoint you，I have asked Shi Dai to take my place．She is a better dancer，I think．My regrets．
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