重译法
Nov. 1st — Nov. 4th
在翻译中,有时为了忠实于原文,不得不重复某些词语;否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思,这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。
一般说来,重译法有如下三个作用:一是为了明确;二是为了强调;三是为了生动。
一. 为了明确 (一)重复名词
1.重复英语中作宾语,表语,同位语的名词
eg1. We should learn how to analyze and solve problems. 我们应学会如何分析问题和解决问题。
eg2. I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.
我曾碰到过,不是氧气设备出故障,就是引擎出故障,或两者都出故障。 eg3. He became an oil baron---all by himself. 他成了石油大王,一个白手起家的石油大王。
eg4. The President announced, with obvious relish, that the planes took off from \Shangri-la\fictional, remote retreat in the Himalayas.
这位总统洋洋得意地宣称,这批飞机是从\香格里拉\起飞的,而\香格里拉\是一个虚构的喜马拉雅山中的世外桃源。
3.重复英语前置词短语前所省略的名词
英语中常重复使用前置词,而将第二个,第三个前置词前的名词省略,翻译时则往往要把此名词重复。
eg5. The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of one hundred ordinary patients. 医生从我身上得到的实践会比从一百个普通病人身上得到的实践还多。
4.重复英语中作先行词的名词 英语定语从句常用关系词引导,它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个先行词(名词或代词),一方面在从句中担任一个成分。汉语中没有关系词,往往需要重复这个作先行词的名词。英语中的同位语,在译文中有时也可以重复先行词。
eg6. The little apprentice in particular lived in terror of the boss, who had borne down on him so often and so hard that there was little left.
小学徒对老板尤其怕得要死,老板经常整他而且整得很惨,简直把他整瘪了。
eg7. May I extend my heartiest congratulations to the great Chinese people and its Communist Party ,Through you ,for the glowing success of your tremendous revolution , which is now inspiring the world.
让我通过您最忠心祝贺伟大的中国人民及其共产党员,祝贺你们的巨大革命的辉煌胜利,这个胜利正在鼓舞着全世界。
(二)重复动词
1.英语句子常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语,在译文中往往要重复这个动词。
eg8. Chairman Mao is an activist, a prime mover, an originator and master of strategy achieved by
alternating surprise, tension and easement.
毛主席是一位活动家,是原动力,是创造者,是交替运用出其不意、紧张和松弛而取得成就的战略大师。
2.英语句子中动词后有前置词时,在第二次第三次往往只用前置词而省略动词,在译文中则要重复动词一代替英语中重复的前置词。若英语中连前置词也省略了,但译文中仍可以重复动词。
eg9. We talked of ourselves, of our studies, of our prospects, of each other--of everything. 我们谈到了自己,谈到了学习,谈到了前途,谈到了彼此的情况,谈到了一切。
eg10. But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family.
可是他老婆不断地在他耳边唠叨个没完,说他懒惰,说他粗心,并且说他的一家人都要毁在他的身上。
(三)重复代词
1. 英语中用代词的地方,翻译时往往可按汉语的习惯重复其所替代的名词。
eg11. In China, they \mistakes\suffered by them, acknowledged and studied them, thus planned victory.
在中国,他们犯过错误,吃过错误的亏,承认错误,研究错误,从而制定了胜利的方针。 eg12. Happy families also had their own troubles. 幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。 3.英语中强势关系代词或强势关系副词如whoever, whenever, wherever等等,翻译时往往使用重复法处理。
eg13. Whoever works hard will be respected. 谁工作努力,谁就会受到尊重。
eg14. You may ask whoever is willing to help you. Don’t come to me. 只要有人愿意帮你, 你爱找谁就找谁,就是别找我。
4.英语用some?and others?(some?, others?)连用的句子,译成汉语时主语往往是谓语重复形式的\的\字结构,有时也可以用\有的??,有的??\句式。 eg15. Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside. 上大学的,上大学了,下乡的,下乡了。(=有的上大学了,有的下乡了。)
(四)其它英语原文没有重复,汉译时采用一种在内容上而不是在形式上的重复的手段。 eg16. He wanted to send them more aid, more weapons and a few more men. 他想给他们增加些援助,增添些武器,增派些人员。
二. 为了强调
(一)英语原文中有词的重复,译成汉语有时可以保持同样的词的重复。英语对仗句的前后两部分中往往有词的重复,译成汉语时对仗句一般可以保持同样的词的重复。 eg17. He wandered about in the chill rain ,thinking and thinking , brooding and brooding. 他在凄雨中荡来荡去,想了又想,盘算了又盘算。 eg18. Eye for eye, tooth for tooth.
以眼还眼,以牙还牙。
eg19. What we want, first and foremost, is to learn, to learn and to learn. 我们首先需要的是学习、学习、再学习。
eg20. A mosquito hums and hums. Two flies drone and drone. 一个蚊子哼哼哼,两个苍蝇嗡嗡翁。
(二)英语原文中有词的重复,译成汉语有时可以用同义词重复之。
eg21. During their stay in Peking, they visited some old friends of theirs, visited Peking University and visited the Great Wall.
他们在北京逗留期间,拜访了几个老朋友,参观了北京大学,游览了长城。
eg22. \and you're the wretch that drove me to them long ago, and that'll keep me there, day and night, day and night, till I die!\Oliver Twist)
Nancy在怒骂Jew拖人下水,害人不浅的时候,就是通过名词性短语day and night的重复来加强语势的,它所表达的涵义是:“夜以继日,日以继夜,天天如此。”
三. 为了生动
(一)运用两个四字词组
eg23. The questions were evidently unexpected to the slow-witted spokesman, who instantly found himself tongue-tied.
这些问题显然使得这位头脑迟钝的发言人感到意外,他立刻显得张口结舌,哑口无言。 eg24. I had been completely honest in my replies , withholding nothing. 我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡,直言不讳。
eg25. But there had been too much publicity about my case. 但我的事情现在已经搞得满城风雨,人人皆知了。
eg26. Dead is the monarch, dead the servant who cringed before him, dead the city in which they dwelt.
君主死了,在他面前卑躬屈膝﹑阿谀奉承的侍臣死了,他们居住的这个都城也死了。
(二)运用词的重叠
eg27. They drove in a black limousine, past groves of birch trees and endless rows of identical new buildings.
他们驾着一辆黑色大轿车,经过一片片白桦林,穿过一排排鳞次栉比的新建筑。 eg28. Once he took up his pen, writings began pouring down. 他一动笔,就洋洋洒洒,一发难收。
(三)运用四字对偶词组
great contributions 丰功伟绩 gratitude 感恩戴德 ingratitude 忘恩负义grotesque 奇形怪状 careless 粗心大意rumors 流言蜚语
eg29. Whatever initial worries we had about the plane soon vanished.
不管开始时我们对这架飞机有什么不放心,这种顾虑不久就烟消云散了。 eg30. She was an awful fool of a woman, but married a man of high education. 她是一个非常愚昧无知的女人,却嫁了个受过高等教育的人。
Practice Passage One
There are two Sorts of People in the World, who with equal Degrees of Health, and Wealth, and the other Comforts of Life, become, the one happy, and the other miserable. This arises very much from the different Views in which they consider Things, Persons, and Events; and the Effect of those different Views upon their own Minds.
In whatever Situation Men can be plac’d, they may find Conveniencies and Inconveniencies: In whatever Company they may find Persons and Conversation more or less pleasing. At whatever Table, they may meet with Meats and Drinks of better and Taste, Dishes better and worse dress’d: In whatever Climate they will find good and bad Weather: Under whatever Government, they may find good and bad Laws, and good and bad Administrating of those Laws. In every Poem or Work of Genius they may see Faults and Beauties. In almost every Face and every Person, they may discover fine Features and Defects, good and bad Qualities.
世界上有两种人,他们的健康财富以及生活上的各种享受大致相同,结果,一种人是幸福的,另一种却得不到幸福。他们对物对人和对事的观点不同,那些观点对于他们心灵上的影响因此也不同,苦乐的分野主要的也就在此。
一个人无论处于什么地位,遭遇总是有顺利有不顺利:无论在什么交际场合,所接触到的人物和谈吐,总有讨人欢喜的和不讨人欢喜的;无论在什么地方的餐桌上,酒肉的味道总是有可口的也有不可口的,菜肴也是煮得有好有坏;无论在什么地带,天气总是有晴有雨;无论什么政府,它的法律总是有好的,也有不好的,而法律的施行也是有好有坏。天才所写的诗文里面有美点,但也总可以找到若干瑕疵。差不多每一张脸上,总可以找到优点和缺陷,差不多每一个人都有他的长处,也有他的短处。
Passage Two
Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of captivity. But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free.
One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land.
So we have come here today to dramatize an appalling condition. In a sense we have come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir.
译文1
100年前,一位伟大的美国人——今天我们就站在他象征性的身影下——签署了《解放宣言》。这项重要法令的颁布,对于千百万灼烤于非正义残焰中的黑奴,犹如带来希望之光的硕大灯塔,恰似结束漫漫长夜禁锢的欢畅黎明。
然而,100年后,黑人依然没有获得自由。100年后,黑人依然悲惨地蹒跚于种族隔离和种族歧视的枷锁之下。100年后,黑人依然生活在物质繁荣翰海的贫困孤岛上。100年后,黑人依然在美国社会中间向隅而泣,依然感到自己在国土家园中流离漂泊。所以,我们今天来到这里,要把这骇人听闻的情况公诸于众。
从某种意义上说,我们来到国家的首都是为了兑现一张支票。我们共和国的缔造者在拟写宪法和独立宣言的辉煌篇章时,就签署了一张每一个美国人都能继承的期票。这张期票向所有人承诺——不论白人还是黑人——都享有不可让渡的生存权、自由权和追求幸福权。
译文2
一百年前,一位伟大的美国人签署了解放黑奴宣言,今天我们就是在他的雕像前集会。这一庄严宣言犹如灯塔的光芒,给千百万在那摧残生命的不义之火中受煎熬的黑奴带来了希望。它之到来犹如欢乐的黎明,结束了桎梏黑人的漫漫长夜。
然而一百年后的今天,我们必须正视黑人还没有得到自由这一悲惨的事实。一百年后的今天,在种族隔离的镣铐和种族歧视的枷锁下,黑人的生活备受压榨。一百年后的今天,黑人仍生活在物质充裕的海洋中一个穷困的孤岛上。一百年后的今天,黑人仍然萎缩在美国社会的角落里,并且意识到自己是故土家园中的流亡者。今天我们在这里集会,就是要把这种骇人听闻的情况公诸于众。
就某种意义而言,今天我们是为了要求兑现诺言而汇集到我们国家的首都来的。我们共和国的缔造者草拟宪法和独立宣言的气壮山河的词句时,曾向每一个美国人许下了诺言。他们承诺给予所有的人以生存、自由和追求幸福的不可剥夺的权利。
译文3
一个世纪前,一位了不起的美国人签署了奴隶解放宣言,而我们今天就站在他的塑像下面。对于千千万万身受不公正待遇之苦的黑奴来说,这份划时代的文件,是一座光芒万丈的希望灯塔,是结束他们被束缚之漫漫长夜的快乐黎明。
然而在一百年后,黑人依然未能获得自由;一百年后,黑人的命运依然被种族隔离的镣铐和歧视的锁链悲惨地束缚着,在一个巨大无边的物质繁荣海洋中,黑人却生活在贫困的孤岛上;一百年后,黑人依然在美国社会的角落中潦倒,依然在自己的土地上过着被放逐的生活。
因此我们今天来到这里,是要对这种耻辱的现状大声疾呼。在某种意义上,我们聚集在我们国家的首都来兑现一张支票。当共和国的缔造者写下宪法和独立宣言中的不朽文字时,他们实际上是签署了一张每个美国人都有权利继承的承诺书。这份文书承诺,所有的人,不错,黑人和白人,都被保障享有不可剥夺的生命、自由、追求幸福权利。

