2015届高三英语语法总复习—特殊句型
倒装
一．倒装句型的两个基本形式：
1．完全倒装 (Complete Inversion)——整个谓语动词置于主语之前的倒装 即：提前部分+ 谓语动词+主语
2．部分倒装( Partial Inversion) ——助动词或情态动词置于主语之前的倒装 即： 提前部分+助动词（情态动词等）+主语+剩余谓语动词 二．部分倒装的使用条件
1． 句首为否定词或否定词组时，
如 never, not, little, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, nowhere, by no means, at no time, on no account, in no case, in no way, under/in no circumstances, neither, nor, etc. Not a single mistake did he make in the test.
Under no circumstances shall I change my attitude towards beauty. 2. 句首为only+状语时（状语包括副词、介词短语、状语从句） Only in this way can you learn English well.
Only after being asked several times did he answer my question. 但only 修饰其他句子成分不倒装。
e.g. Only he can do it. 3. 句首so 表示“也是”时
1) —Jim bought a nice car.
—So did Tom
Cf: so 引出的句子用来表示对上文内容的证实或肯定，即其含义为“的确如此”，不用倒装
结构，必须用正常语序。
—He can speak English quite well. —So he can.
2) So it is with sb.的用法
e.g. —He has a passion for literature and is creative.
—So it is with me.
4. 句首为so+ adj./adv. 或such(+n) 时，则主句倒装，而that引导的结果状语从句不倒装 So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.
Such was the force of explosion that all the windows were broken.
5. 在not only…but also分别连接句子时时，not only位于句首时，not only这一半用部分倒装，
而but also 后不必倒装
Not only could he type but also he could operate the computer. Cf.
Not only the children but also the grown-ups took interest in the cartoon. 6．not until引导的时间状语从句置于句首，主句倒装
Not until the war was over was Einstein able to go back to his work. Cf. 尤其注意这三个句型not…until / Not until / It was not until…that Man did not know what heat was until the early years of the 19th century. Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat was.
It was not until the early years of the 19th century that man knew what heat was. 7. Hardly/ Scarcely/ Barely had +主+过去分词… when…
No sooner had +主+过去分词…than…
No sooner had I arrived home than it began pouring.
Hardly had I gone out of the door when the telephone rang.
注意：hardly修饰主语则不倒装 e.g. Hardly anyone believed her.
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8. 在if引导的虚拟语气中，省略if ,从句构成倒装，可提前的词为 Were / Should/ Had Were he on duty now, the problem would be solved.
9. as /though 引起的让步状语从句, 这个倒装句中不能使用although Clever as he may be, he can't work out the problem.
三．完全倒装的使用条件
完全倒装必须满足主语为名词这一条件 1．表方向与方位的副词或介词短语置于句首时 这些副词有：in, out, away, up, down, off, 等 e.g.In came the girls talking and laughing. 2．Here, There, Now, Then置于句首时 e.g. There goes the bell.
Then came the day we had been looking forward to. 3. 作表语的形容词或分词置于句首时
e.g. Great and spacious and beautiful is our beloved motherland. Seated on the ground were a group of young men playing.
注意： 表时间、地点或方位的副词位于句首时不用进行时态。例如： Here comes the bus. 表时间、地点或方位的副词位于句首，代词作主语，主谓语序不变。例如： Here it is. There you are.
反意疑问句
一．基本要点： 1. 反意疑问部分的主语和谓语必须与陈述部分的主语和谓语保持性、数 和时态的一致
2. 陈述句的主语无论是名词或代词, 疑问句的主语必须是代词 二．基本规则：
1. 陈述部分含有否定词如never, nothing, no, no one, neither, nobody, nowhere, few, little, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely等, 疑问部分仍用肯定形式. You seldom go swimming, do you?
2. 陈述部分含带有否定前缀如: im-, un-, in-, dis- 等的派生词, 仍视为肯定结构, 疑问部分用否定式.
The teacher disagreed with you, didn’t he?
3. 陈述部分是there be存在句, 反意疑问部分也用there be句型. There was something wrong with the air-conditioner, wasn’t there? 4. I am … 的反意疑问句，用aren’t I?
I am in charge of this investigation, aren’t I? But: I am not late, am I
5. 当have, need, dare作实义动词使用时，反义疑问句的助动词用do/does/did. He had a bad cold last night, didn’t he? She doesn’t need to stay up so late, does she?
注意: 1) 当have作 “有”解释时, 反义疑问句部分可用have/has/had He has a lot of money, hasn’t / doesn’t he? 2) 当need, dare 作情态动词时, 反义疑问句部分只能用情态动词need/ dare/dared She needn’t stay up so late, need she? 6. 陈述部分含have to时, 疑问部分的动词用do; They have to leave early, don’t they?
7. 陈述部分的动词是used to时, 疑问部分的动词可用used或 did. He used to be a chain smoker, didn’t/ usedn’t he?
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8. 陈述部分含情态动词ought to时, 疑问部分可用oughtn’t 或shouldn’t We ought to obey the traffic regulations, oughtn’t/ shouldn’t we?
9. You’d/ She’d/ He’d/ They’d/ We’d better … 句型中, 疑问部分用hadn’t …? You’d/ She’d/ He’d/ They’d/ We’d rather … 句型中, 疑问部分用wouldn’t …? 10. 陈述部分含情态动词must时, 有以下几种种情况.
1) 表示 “必须” “不应该”, 疑问部分用mustn’t或must He must obey the traffic rules, mustn’t he? 2) 表示 “有必要”, 疑问部分用needn’t She must see the dentist as soon as possible, needn’t she?
11. 当陈述部分含有表示推测意义的情态动词can, could, can’t, couldn’t, may, might, may not, mightn’t, must时, 反义疑问句不用情态动词，而是与句子本身的时态助动词相关。 She must be sleepy, isn’t she? They must be having an English lesson now, aren’t they? They must have visited Hong Kong during the summer vacation, didn’t they? He must have finished the job already, hasn’t he?
12. 陈述部分主语为everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, these, those等代词时, 疑问部分的主语常用they, 谓语动词也用相应的复数形 式.
Anyone can enter for the examination, can’t they? Neither of them complained, did they?
13. 陈述部分主语为nothing, something, anything, everything, this, that这些指物的不定代词或名词性从句, 动词不定式, 动名词等形式时, 疑问部分的主语常用it.
Everything is ready for the dinner party, isn’t it?
That wasn’t the last bus, was it?
14. 由and, or, not only…but also, nor, for连接放的并列句中, 反意疑问句和第二个分句保持一致(就近原则)
He works hard and he is the best student in his class, isn’t he?
15. 主从复合句的反意疑问句疑问部分的助动词和人称应与主句的谓语动词和人称保持一致.
They believed that their conclusion was right, didn’t they?
注意：但若宾语从句的主句为I think/suppose/believe/expect/imagine/feel/consider/guess/ bet/afraid等表示说话人的看法, 那么, 反意疑问句的主语和谓语应与宾语从句中的主谓保持一致.
I don’t think he will lend us a hand, will he?
16. 感叹句中的反意疑问句一律用否定式, 并用be的一般现在式
What a lovely day, isn’t it? 17. 祈使句的反意疑问句, 有三种情形
1) 肯定祈使句, 疑问部分根据语义和语气可用will you/ won’t you/ would you? Mail this letter for me on your way to work, will/ would you? Have a cup of tea, won’t you?
2) 否定的祈使句后, 只能使用will you?
Don’t waste your money in gambling, will you? 3) Let us …, will you? Let’s …, shall we? Let me figure out the cost of the trip, will/ won’t you? Let me help you with the luggage, may I?
强调句型
一．该结构可用于强调句子的主语、宾语、状语, 但不能强调谓语动词。只需把被强调的句子成分放在It is/was….that中间就可以了，原句的其余句子成分全部放在that之后。
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二．强调句型的基本结构：
陈述句的强调句句型：It is/was +被强调部分+that (who)…。 一般疑问句的强调句句型：Is / Was it+ 被强调部分 + that / who…
特殊疑问句的强调句句型：What/Who/When/Where/How …+ is/was it that…
注意： 1.检查是否是强调句的原则：It is (was)…that (who)…如果省略，不影响原句的意思，即是强调结构。
It is only when you have your own child that you will realize the troubles of parenthood. You will realize the troubles of parenthood only when you have your own child. 2. 特殊疑问句的强调句在作宾语从句时要保持陈述句语序。 I want to know where it is that he lives. 三．强调动词的句型。
强调谓语动词时，用助动词do/does或did，可直接用于句子中，也常用于祈使句。
He did write to you last week.
Young kids do often cause a lot of trouble to parents. Do sit down, please.
Do be careful when you cross the street. 特别对be的强调也是用助动词do. 四．强调句与定语从句或状语从句的差别。
1. It was at 9 that they left the cinema. 特别注意介词的使用 2. It was 9 when they left the cinema. （状语从句）
1. It was for 10 years that the couple stayed in Hong Kong.
2. It was 10 years before the couple started to stay in Hong Kong. 3. It is/has been 10 years since the couple started to stay in Hong Kong. 1. — Where did you find the key? — It was in the room where we met Mary.(此句为定语从句。 用that虽符合强调句结构，但不符合上下文意思。请注意这里 “it”不是无意义的结构词，而是指的上文“find the key”这件事，否则不达意。)
It的用法
it 可用作实词（代词）和虚词（助词）。 实词it指用于人称和前指（指代刚提到的人或事）,用于无人称时，作主语，表示时间、距离、天气等。虚词it 可用作形式主语和形式宾语，也用于构成强调句型。 一．基本要点
（一）实词（代词）： 1. 用作人称代词 1）指人。
Who is making such a noise? It must be the children. 2）用作前指，指代刚提到的人或事。
“Where is my cell phone?” “It is on the table.” 3）代替指示代词this, that。 “What’s this?” “It’s a horse.”
4）代替一个彼此都知其所指的东西。 Where does it hurt? 2. 用作非人称代词： 1） 指天气
It is going to rain. 2） 指时间，季节等。
It’ s eleven o’clock now. 3） 指距离。
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