c.有些词既可接不定式又可以接现在分词，但是意义不同。
如：stop to do 停下（某事）去做另一件事； stop doing 停下正在进行的动作 See/hear sb do sth 看到/听到（全过程）；see/hear sb doing 看到/听到（正在做） 3. -ed participle 过去分词: v-ed
a.过去分词一般表示动作与逻辑主语之间是被动关系或者过去状态。 Eg: He entered the room, followed by several students.
b.过去分词不仅可以表示被动和过去，还可以作为形容词，修饰名词或者作表语。
三、典型考题
1. I don’t think it wise _____ young people to adventure.
A. To encourage B. Encourage C. Encouraging D. encouraged 2.They don’t permit ________ in public places.\\
A. Smoke B. To smoke C.smoking D. Smoked 3. I have much trouble ______ English.
A. Speak B.speaking C. Spoke D. To speak 4.He tried his best to avoid _______ by the teacher.
A. Punished B. Being punished C. Punishing D.to be punished 5._______ all the work, he left his office for home.
A. Have finished B. Had finished C. Having finished D. finished
Key: 1.A 2. C 3.B 4.B 5. C
Chapter 9. Adjective phrases and comparison形容词短语和比较
一、形容词的特点：
形容词是一般放在名词之前修饰名词的一类词，它们有以下特点： 1.attributive function 修饰语功能 2.predicative function 表语功能
3.premodification by very 可以用very修饰
4.comparative/superlative forms 比较级和最高级形式
二、多个形容词的排序(参考)
1.口诀：县官行令杀国材(限观形龄色国材) 县——“限”定词,the, a, an, many, a lot, both... 官——“观”,表示主观评价的词,beautiful, nice, good? 行——“形”,形状,大小,长短big, small, long, short? 令——“龄”,年龄、新旧,old, young, new? 杀——“色”,颜色,red, yellow, green? 国——“国”籍,产地,Chinese, American? 材——“材”质、材料,wooden, cotton, silky? Eg: 一栋壮观的白色美式旧木屋
a wonderful old white American wooden house
2.一般形容词的排序先说主观感受，再说事物客观情况，接着是国籍材料等等。
三、形容词的比较
1.比较有三级：positive degree 原级 comparative degree 比较级 superlative degree 最高级 2.比较的形式
Inflected forms曲折形式：词尾加-er/-est periphrastic forms分离形式：词前加more/most 3.比较级和最高级的构成
a.单音节词,除单音节的过去式，一般在词尾加-er, -est构成比较级和最高级。Eg: big——bigger——biggest
b.一般双音节或多音节词用分离形式构成比较级和最高级. Quickly——more quickly——most quickly
c.不规则变化的形容词则要牢记：如Old——elder/older——eldest/oldest Good, well——better——best
4.原级或同级比较：As?as?“与?一样”
Eg: My brother is as tall as I (am) / me. 5.比较级：More ?than? Eg:Sue is cleverer than you (are). 6.最高级：the most....
三者或者三者以上进行比较，最高级使用the+最高级，通常使用of表示范围。 eg: This is the most expensive of the three cars.
四、典型考题
1.China is ________ country in the world. A. the third largest B. the largest third C. the third large D. a third largest 2.I study English as_______as my brother. A.hard B. harder C. hardest D.more hard
3.The most impressive furniture in his office is a _____ chair. A. Huge leather comfortable B. Huge comfortable leather C. Leather huge comfortable D.comfortable huge leather 4.Our house is three times _____ yours.
A. Large than B. Larger than C.more large than D. As large as 5. We have being walked all day, I can’t move any ________. A. Far B.farther C. Further D. More far
Key: 1.A 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. C
Chapter 10 Preposition 介词
一、术语
Prepositions are a grammatical class of word which express spatial relations or serve to mark various syntactic functions and semantic roles.
介词是表达时空关系或者承担各种句法和语义功能的一种语法词类。
二、介词短语的功能：
1.a postmodifier in NP.名词短语的前置修饰语eg:a woman in white 2.an adverbial 状语eg: I get up early in the morning. 3. a complement 补语 Meanings of prepostions介词的意义 三、介词的意义
Prepositions are used to relate people or things in place or in time. 介词用来练习人/物与地点和时间的关系。
介词表达 (1) spatial locations or directions表达空间位置或方位 (2) temporal positions or duration 表达时间位置和时间段 1.Prepositions relating to place与地点相关介词
介词在表示空间位置时，是静态使用static use，较常见；在表示空间方向时，是动态使用dynamic use，相对较少。 Location: across, at, above, behind, under... Direction: from, into, toward, to... a. At, on and in
一般表示位置时，at表示点，on表示线或者面，in表示某个区域或者范围。 注意：介词+名词 vs 介词+the+名词 eg： at/in school 和 at/in the school.
第一个表示\作为学生在学校\；第二个表示\作为访客在学校\小诀窍：带定冠词the表字面意义,不带the表引申意义。 b. over , above, under and below
over和above都可以表示“在...上方”，但是over只表示在垂直正上方。若是在覆盖物的上方，则只用over。
under和below表示“在...下方”，用法同over和above. c. between and among
都表示“在...之间”，between用于两者之间，among用于三者或多者之间。 2. Prepositions relating to time时间有关的介词
