定语从句
用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫做定语从句。
一．定语从句中关系代词的选择： 限制性定语从句：
1. 关系代词在从句中作主语，不能省略 A. 一般规则用 who/that 代替人
which/that代替物
但实际使用中：大多数是用who 指人，较少用that指人
大多数是用that 指物，较少用which指物
例１：This is the detective who came from London. 例２：He’s the man who lives next door to us. 例３：He drives a car that can travel 150 miles an hour. B. 关系代词做宾语，通常可省略
正式文体用 whom 指人
用 which 指物
非正式文体用 who 指人
用 that 指人 用 that 指物
Where is the man (whom)
(who) I saw this morning? (that)
Is that the man (whom)
(who) you gave your tickets to? (that) Where is the book (which)
(that) I bought this morning? The desk whose leg is broken is very old. 现代英语强烈倾向于用that 和 zero. 除非在非常正式的文体中用 whom/which C. 关系代词作介词宾语，（正式文体中）介词通常前置，这时
指人只能用whom （不可省略） 指物只能用which （不可省略） The man from whom I borrowed the book is Li Lei. The man whom I borrowed the book from is Li lei. 可省略
非正式文体中，通常介词后置，可用who/that 指人，
that 指物or 都用 zero
They are the boys (who) (that) I went to school with.
在介词后置的情况下，如果还用which / whom, 那就很不自然。 二．在非限制性定语从句中，通常用who, whom, whose指人
用which指物，不用that，也不能省略
My cousin, who is an engineer, went to Europe last week. 三．关系代词的省略
A. 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，可以省略
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作表语时，可以省略
He has changed. He is not the man he was.
B. 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，只有当从句是由it is, that is, there is引导的场合才能省略。
It isn’t everybody (who) (that) can learn a foreign language so easily. That was his brother (who) (that) just went by. There was someone (who) (that) asked for you, Bill. 四．三个关系副词when, where, why可以在
the time when
the place where 结构中省略 the reason why
I shall never forget the day (when) we first met. The reason (why) he came so early is his own affair.
That’s the place (where) he stayed (in) when he was in London. 表示时间的先行词除time外，也可以是 day / morning / afternoon
evening / night / week / month / year / ect.
表示地点的先行词除place外，也可以是 desk / house / town / table
school / room /street/ect
表示理由的先行词只有reason一个词 五．关系代词只能用that的几种情况:
(1) 如果先行词是anything, something, nothing, everything等复合不定代词，关系代词只用that
例如：She didn’t forget anything that her mother had told her to buy. (2) 先行词被序数词或 the last 修饰时，关系代词常用that
例如：This is the first textbook that I studied in the primary school.
He is in the last row that is next to the window.
(3) 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词用that
例如：That is the highest building that I have seen.
(4) 先行词是或被 all, no, some, any, little, much, none等不定代词修饰时，关系代词只用that
例如：I’ve written down all that (= what ) the teacher doesn’t allow us to do.
They haven’t got any dictionaries that we need.
(5) 先行词被 the only, the very, the same 等修饰时。
例如：This is the very novel that you want to borrow.
(6) 先行词有两个或多个分别表示人或物时，关系代词应该用that
例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
He told us many interesting things and persons that we had never heard. (7) 主语是以 who, which 引导的特殊疑问句时，用关系代词that
例如： Who is the man that you spoke to just now? Which is the book that you want to borrow?
(8) 先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。 例如：China is no longer the country that used to be. 六．几点补充：
A. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
二者差异比较:
a. 限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词，关系副词或that来引导。 b. 非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，
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不可用that引导。
B. which的一种特殊用法
which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中， which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this相似，并可以指人。 例如： He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. C. 定语从句的主谓一致
一般来讲，定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致。例如： 1．I am not one who is afraid of difficulty．我是个不怕困难的人。
2．Don't choose me，who am not fit for this job．不要选我，我不适合做这项工作。
3．Anyone who has questions to ask，please come to my office this afternoon．有问题要问的人，今天下午到我办公室来。
D.由“one of＋复数名词＋定语从句”构成的结构，有两种情况：
（1）如果one前面无任何限定词，这个结构中的“复数名词”是先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用复
数。例如：
She is one of the girls who know English．她是其中一个懂英语的女孩。
He is one of the students who have read the book．他是看过这本书的学生中的一位。
（2）如果one的前面有the first， the only，the last，the right等限定词修饰， one是先行词，定
语从句的谓语动词用单数（即与one保持一致）。例如：
She is the only one of the girls who knows English．她是那些女孩中唯一一位懂英语的。 He's the first one of the students who has read the book．他是那些学生中第一个看过这本书的。
He is the only one of those workers who is able to do this job．他是那些工人中唯一能做此工作的人。
Exercises:
1. The number of people ________ lost homes reached as many as 25000.
A. which B. who C. whom D. 不填
2. This is the most beautiful park _________I have ________ visited.
A. which; ever B. that; never C. which; yet D. that ; ever 3. This is the most enjoyable journey ________ I have ever heard of.
A. which B. who C. that D. whom
4. We are talking about Tonny, ________ you met yesterday.
A. whom B. which C. that D. with who
5. Is this the very museum ______ some Japanese visitors visited last Wednesday？ A. which B. that C. to which D. to that 6. The place ________ I grew up is a beautiful town. A. which B. that C. where D. from which 7. This is the shop _________ sells children’s clothing. A. where B. who C. the one D. which
8. I don’t think the number of people _________ this happens is very large. A. who B. to which C. that D. to whom 9. Do you know Mrs Jackson ________ daughter is a famous poet? A. that her B. whose C. who D. of whom
10. Do you remember one evening a week ago _________ I came to your room and borrowed a dictionary? A. before B. which C. when D. as Correct the mistakes:
1. Who is the man who has white hair?
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2. Is this the book for which he was looking? 3. The village in that he lives is 20 kilometers away.
4. She talked of the man and cooks who and that interested her very much. 5. This is the first book which I have bought. 6. All which can be done has been done.
7. He was the only person which knows how to open the door. 8. The man to who you talked is a famous runner. 9. The girl whom is in Class Two is Jim’s sister. 10. I still remember the day that I first came to Nanjing.
1. The house _______ we live is not big.
A. in that B. which C. in which D. that 2. He talked about the persons and schools ________ he had visited. A. that B. which C. who D. whom
3. The scientist the teacher is talking ________ is leaving for Beijing. A. to him B. whom C. to D. to that 4. I who _______ your teacher, will teach Marxism as a truth to you. A. is B. are C. were D. am 5. ________ they could do was to work hard.
A. All B. All what C. All which D. That 6. Do you know the reason ________ he didn’t come?
A. that B. which C. for D. why 7. The room ________ windows face south is his.
A. that B. which C. whose D. who’s 8. The park, ________ we visited yesterday, is very nice.
A. where B. which C. that D. when 9. The park. _________ we met with him is very nice.
A. where B. which C. that D. when 10. The first time ________ I saw her was in 1989.
A. when B. which C. that D. as 11. Pay attention to all _________ I do.
A. which B. in which C. what D. that 12. I’ve read all the books _________ you gave me.
A. which B. them C. what D. that 13. Is there anything _________ I can do for you?
A. what B. which C. that D. it 14. The woman _________ child had fallen ill was a doctor.
A. who B. her C. whose D. / 15. The pen ________ I’m using _________ is hers.
A. which; it B. that; it C. it; / D. / 16. I have the same trouble _________ you have.
A. that B. which C. as D. what 17. It’s the very book ________ I want to find.
A. which B. that C. it D. so
18. He is the only one of the boys who _________ English for four years.
A. has learnt B. have learnt C. learn D. learning 19. This is one of the books _________ worth reading.
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