Lexis词汇 Lexeme词位 Lexicology词汇学 Phonology音韵学 Semantics语义 Category种类 Demarcate区分
词语的定义：
A free form does not consist entirely of lesser free forms is a word.
A form which can occur in isolation and have meaning but which cannot be analyzed into elements which can all occur alone and also have meaning 词语的特征：
An uninterruptible unit不间断的单元
Consists of one or more morphemes有一种乃至多种语素
Occurs typically in the structure of phrases词素、词语、短语、句子的层级性
Belongs to a specific word class or part of speech 处于特定的词类或部分语音，比如smoke动词和名词的区别
Morpheme词素：
A form which may occur alone is free
minimal meaningful unit and the syntagm structure，consisting potentially of more than one word.
Syntagm语段 Syntax语法
Root词根——去掉所有词缀 Stem词干——去掉后缀 Base词基——去掉前缀 Affix词缀
词汇的组织：
组合关系Syntagmatic relations：句序中词语的语序
聚合关系Paradigmatic relations：组合功能相同的一组词可以相互通过联想替换
Open classes实词 Closed classes虚词 Interjection叹词
词语分类word classes：
1、 interjections have little significant role to play in the grammar of English.叹词不重要 2、 the boundaries between different classes are fuzzy. 词类界限模糊
3、 the traditional meaning-based classification of word class is best applied to the prototypical members of each category. Lexical fields语义场
定义：looks upon the vocabulary of a language as an integrated system of lexemes interrelated in sense. 特征：
Constant flux持续变化，词位出现消失
Mainly characterized by the general-particular and part-whole relations主要被以普特和整体局部关系区分
英语的来源： 1、 凯尔特语Celtic 2、 拉丁语Latin。55BC 凯撒征服后四百年
3、 OE，Anglo-Saxon period，full inflection，the case endings of the noun, the adjective and the conjugation of the verb were not weakened.
449AD蛮族入侵Germanic tribes——Angles、Saxons、Frisians、Jutes
逐渐被称作Englisc，older than England Frequent use of compounds频繁使用复合词 Introduction of a number of ‘loan translations’外来词
Has a complete system of declensions with four cases and conjunctions.完整的啥的变格 4、 1066Norman Conquest诺曼征服 法语French
古斯堪的纳维亚语Old Norse
Middle English，leveled inflection, inflections of English words became greatly reduced during this period
5、 Modern English, lost inflection, disappearance of a large part of inflectional system of English vocabulary
Early早期1500-1800——Renaissance文艺复兴
Large numbers of words from Latin and Greek are involved大量拉丁语和希腊语涌入 Late晚期1800-
Almost complete loss of endings几乎完全丧失韵尾
The unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary空前增长的科学类词汇
The assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language美式英语逐渐占据主要地位
Word Formation构词法： 1、 Derivation派生法
定义：add affixes to the base to form a new word 派生和屈折的区别： 派生则是构成新词
屈折是某一词语不改语义，只是为了适应语法条件改变词类 2、 Comouding复合法
定义：add one base to another to form a new word 特征：Solid、hyphenated、open 3、 Conversion转类法
定义：convert a word’s class to form a new word
转类和屈折的区别： 转类是词性改变并且构成新词 屈折更多的是单复数等词义不变
以上为Major Processes of Word Formation 4、 Blending折叠法
定义：combine parts of several words to form a new word 5、 Back-Fomation逆生法
定义：delete an affix of a word to form a new word 6、 Acronyms首字母缩略法 包括initialisms和acronyms
前者只是缩写，后者缩写可构成新词如ROM和RAM 7、 Clipping裁剪法
定义：only part of the stem is retained 8、 Aphesis字首音省略
定义：omit the initial syllable to form a new word 例如acute-cute 9、 Analogy类推法
根据词语形状构成新词，如marathon-telethon、talkthon 10、Reduplication重叠法
（1）repeat one word——go-go、win-win
（2）change the second word’s vowel元音——Ping-Pang （3）change the second word’s consonant辅音——teeny-weeny 11、From Proper Names
Word Meaning and Meaning Relations 意义分类： Denotation本义 Reference Connotation转义
Sense
七个解释： Conceptual概念的 Connotative内涵的 Social社会的 Affective情感的 Rflected思想的 Collocational搭配的
Thematic主题的，改变句子语法结构或词序
意义关系： Synonymy同义 Antonymy反义
Hypernymy上义Hyponymy下义 Meronymy部分-整体关系 Polysemy一词多义 Homonymy同形同音异义
