Do it the way you were told (to). 教你怎样做就怎样做。
He treats me as if I were a stranger. 他对待我象陌生人一样。 注意以下几点：
1)as引导方式状语从句时意义为“按照”，“如同”，前面常用加强语势。 I did it just as you told me. = I did it just as told to
He didn’t win the match as expected. 他没有像预料的一样赢得比赛。
2) as if和as though 引导的从句中，谓语常用虚拟语气，有时也用陈述语气。 It seems as if it were going to rain. CF : it seems as if it is going to rain. 3)连词while 和whereas 可表示对比。
Whereas he is rather lazy, she is quite energetic. 注意状语从句中的省略现象 1)连接词+过去分词
Unless repaired, the washing machine is no use.
Though _______or many times, David often drives after drinking.
A. to be warned B. having been warning C warned D. being warned 2)连词+现在分词
Look out while crossing the street. 3)连词+形容词/其他
常见的有if necessary、if possible、when necessary、if any等
4)比较状语从句中的省略句。如：He arrived home half an hour earlier than (he had been)expected.
三、定语从句 基本知识
一、 定语从句与引导词
定语从句是在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫做选行词，而引导定语从句的词叫引导词，有关系代词和关系副词两类。
关系词一共有九个，它们在从句中所充当的句子成分见下表。
关系词 that which who whom whose 主语 人/物 物 人 × × 宾语 人/物 物 × 人 × 表语 √ × × × × 定语 × × × × 人/物 状语 √ √ × × × 说 明 不能用于非限定性从句 可用于非限定性从句 第 9 页 共 28 页
when where why as × × × × × × × × × × × × √ √ √ 主要用于非限制性的定语从句和such…as, the same…as, as…as,结构中。 懂得什么样的先行词后用什么样的引导词是学好定语从句的关键。 1． 关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,在定语从句中作主语、宾语中表语，whose 作定语。代人的有：who,whom,whose,that；代物的有：that,which,whose. The man who helped you is Mr White.(who代人，在定语从句中作主语) That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see. (whom,who,that指代人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略) I′m not the fool(that) you thought me to be.(that代人，在定从中作表语) A dictionary is a useful book which(＝that) tells us the meaning of words (which或that代物，在定从中作主语)
2． 关系副词有：when(指时间)，where(指地点),why(指原因)，在定语从句中作状语。 例如：Would you suggest a time(when) we can have a talk?(when可省略)
The house where they live is not very large./This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.
注意：不是表时间的先行词都用when引导定从，不是表地点的先行词都用where引导定从。例如：We′ll visit the factory which(＝that) makes radios.
(which或that在定从中作主语，where不可用主语，故不可用) They still remember the happy days(which/that) they spent in Beidaihe. (which或that在定从中作spent的宾语，when不可作宾语，故不可用) 注意：①先行词是表示地点的名词时（country,school,room…），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语，一般用where引导定语从句。也可以用介词＋which的结构。值得注意的是which前介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
The room where(=in which)he used to live has now been turned into a museum. The desk where(=on which)I put my bag is his.
This is the school where(=in which)I joined the Party. ②先行词是表示时间的名词（year,month,day,night…），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当时间状语，一般用when引导定语从句。也可以用介词＋which的结构。值得注意的是which前介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。应特别注意：介词的位置变化以及相应的关系词的变化。请看下面两个句子。
那就是他工作的大学。 ┏ at which he works. ┣ which he works at.
That is the college ┣ where he works. ┣ that he works at. ┗ he works at.
它出生的那一天是1952年8月20日。
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┏ on which he was born ┣ which he was born on
The day ┣ when he was born was Aug.20,1952. ┣ that he was born on ┗ he was born on
二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号分开，修饰主句中的某一个名词或名词词组或代 词；非限制性定语从句常用逗号和主句隔开，可以修饰主句中的某一个词，也可修饰整个句子。非限制性定语从句不能用that引导，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词不能省略。非限制性定语从句例：Li Ping’s father, who works in a factory, is an engineer./He tore up my photo, which made me very angry.(which指代主句内容，因前后两句是因果关系，此时which不可换为as。)
He is good at physics, as is known to us all.＝As is known to us all, he is good at physics.(as指代主句内容，在as is known/believed, as we all know/believe这类结构中as不可换为which)
三、 只用that引导和不用that引导的场合 1． 只用that引导和不用that引导的场合
1） 当先行词既包括人又包括物时：He talked about the men and the books that attracted him.
2） 指物的先行词被any, every, only, very, all, no等修饰时：These are the very points that interest me./That's the only watch that I like most.
3） 指物的先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时：The first step that we are to take is very difficult./This is the second card that he gave me.
4） 先行词是指物的不定代词all,little,few,much,及everything,anything,nothing等时：There is still much that can be done about it./Have you got everything that you need?
5） 先行词是who时：Who that have seen him does not like him? 2． 不用that的场合如下：
1）非限制性定语从句中 Last night ,I saw a very good film,which was about the Long March .
2）介词放在关系代词之前时 This is the man from whom I learnt the news
3）句中出现了that，或先行词是that时 I have found that which I was looking for. 四、“介词＋关系代词”用法
1． 介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配，例如：Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands?(shake hands with…是习惯性搭配)
2． 介词常受先行词的制约（即介词和先行词的搭配），例如：He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.(through which 即through the telescope)
3． 当关系代词作“动词＋介词”固定短语的宾语时，此时因定短语中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前。例如：This is the watch which you?re looking for./He is a kind of man whom you can safely depend on.
五、几个名词后的引导词
1. situation后常用where,in which引导定语从句
Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use the word? 2.way后面的定语从句，引导定语从句有三种情况： a.在比较正式的文体中用in which
I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood.
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It was clear that the speaker now trusted Tom from the way in which these words were said.
b.一般情况下用that
Lincoln asked the people to think of slavery in the way that these men did.
Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you. c.in which和that省去。 That's the way I looked at it.
The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed. 六、关于as引导的定语从句的问题
as引导定语从句主要用于非限制性定语从句和the same…as，such…as，as…as的结构中。
1.as与which都可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，并代表前面整个句子或主句中的表语。 He married the girl，as(which)was natural. He seemed a freigner,as(which)in fact he was.
不同的是：as引导的定语从句可以前置，而which不行。 As was natural, he married the girl.
在the same…as,such…as,as…as结构中，same,such,as之后应是名词或形容词＋名词。 We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.
Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words as a dog does. We hope to get such a tool as he is using.
这三种结构也可以用which改写。但要去掉这种结构，不能直接用which代替as。 以上三句分别可以改写成：
We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.
Some people have no doubt that their cat understands the words which a dog understands. We hope to get the tool which he is using.
the same…as与the same…that引导的定语从句在意义上的区别是：前者修饰的是与原物同样的；而后者修饰的就是先行词同样的东西。比较：
This is the same watch as I lost.这和我丢失的那一只表一样。（不是同一只） This is the same watch that I lost.这就是我丢失的那一只表。（同一只）
定语从句与其他从句或句型的区分
一、定语从句与并列句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①Mr Li has three daughters，none of _____ is an engineer． ②Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _____ is a dancer． ③Mr Li has three daughters；_____ are doctors．
解析：定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。从结构上看，①小题是定语从句，故填whom；②小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them；③小题是两个并列分句，无需连接词，缺少主语，故填none或they。
二、定语从句与状语从句
1．定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。
This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place）
Let’s go where we can find a better job. 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点
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