Chapter 1
1. a. b. c.
要点
the definition of language
the design features and the functions of language
the distinction between human language and animal communication or other artificial sign system
d. major distinctions in linguistics
2. 实践
1） Unlike animal communication systems, human language is __________. A. stimulus free B. stimulus bound C. under immediate stimulus control
D. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest
2) Which of the following is the most important function of language? A. interpersonal function B. performative function C. informative function D. recreational function
3) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree centigrade” is _______. A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative
4) __________ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics? A. Chomsky B. Saussure C. Bloomfield D. John Lyons
Chapter 2
1. a. b. c. d. e. f. g.
要点
the definition of phonetics and its three major research fields the location, characteristics and function of the speech organs the definition and classifications of consonants and vowels the place of articulation and manner of articulations cardinal vowels IPA
Broad and narrow transcription and the lip position in the pronunciation of the cardinal vowels
The definition of phonology
The comparison and contrast between phonetics and phonology
The definition of phone, phoneme, allophone, minimal pair and free variation Theories on phoneme, phonemic contrast and complementary distribution Features on phonetic similarity and distinction Suprasegmental features (syllables, stress, tone, etc.)
h. i. j. k. l. m.
2. 实践
1） Of the three cavities, ___ is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech
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sounds.
A. nasal cavity B. pharynx C. oral cavity 2) All syllables contain a ________.
A. nucleus B. coda C. onset
3）Ａsound which capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language is a ________.
A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme
4) __________ is one of the suprasegmental features. A. stop B. Voicing C. Deletion D. tone
5) Narrow transcription is the phonetic transcription with ___________. A. diacritics B. distinctive features C. voicing D. articulation 6) Velar refers to ________.
A. larynx B. soft palate C. voicing D. articulation 7) Which of the following consonants does not exist in English?
A. dental stop B. bilabial stop C. alveolar stop D. velar stop 8. _________ is not a distinctive feature in English phonology. A. Nasality B. Voicing C. Aspiration D. Rounding 9.________ is not an English consonant.
A. labio-dental plosive b. alveolar nasal C. velar stop D. dental fricative 10. The choice of an allophone in a given phonetic context is _________. A. random B. predictable C. variable D. independent 11. Voicing of explosives is a distinctive feature in __________. A. Chinese B. English
C. both Chinese and English D. neither Chinese and English
Chapter 3
1．要点
a. the definitions of the basic concepts in this chapter：word, morpheme, morphology, free morpheme, bound morpheme, inflectional affix and derivational affix, b. inflection and word formation,
3. 实践
1） Compound words consist of _______ morphemes. A. bound B. free C. both bound and free
2) Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are __________.
A. grammatical words B. Lexical words C. neither grammatical nor lexical words 3) “Radar” is a/an ________.
A. acronym B. blending C. coinage D. clipping
4) The words “take ” and “table ” are called _______ because they can occur unattached.
A. form words B. bound morphemes C. free morphemes D. inflectional morphemes 5) A __________ is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword.
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A. Blending B. Acronym C. Abbreviation D. invention
6) A ___ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.
A. stem B. root C. allomorph D. Lexeme
7) _______ is a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.
A. loanshift B. Loan translation C. loanword D. loanblend
8）________is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as masculine/feminine/neuter, animate/inanimate, etc.
9) the relation between words “rose” and “flower ” is that of _________. A. synonymy B. antonymy C. homonymy D. hyponymy
Chapter 4
1. 要点
a. the important concepts in this chapter: syntax, endocentric and exocentric construction, the deep structure and surface structure, immediate constituent analysis, concord, government, category,
Chapter 5
1. 要点
a. the definition of semantics, b. theory of semantic triangle, c. different kinds of meaning, d. sense relations
e. componential analysis f. sentence meaning
2. 实践
1) The sense relationship between “John plays violin” and “John plays a musical instrument” is _______.
A. hyponymy B. antonymy C. entailment
2) “Semantics is the scientific study of meaning” is a ____.
A. synonymy B. polysemy C. antonymy D. tautology. 3) Conceptual meaning is ________.
A. denotative B. connotative C. associative D. affective
4) When the word “root” means “part of plat that keeps it firmly in the soil and absorbs water and food from the soil”, the meaning is ________ meaning. A. connotative B. conceptual C. reflected 5) “Wide/narrow ” is an example of ____________.
A. gradable opposite B. relational opposites C. conversenesss D. complementarity
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Chapter 6
1. 要点
a. speech act theory
b. principle of conversation c. Cooperative Principle
d. characteristics of implicature e. context
2. 实践
1） An illocutionary act is identical with ________ A. sentence meaning B. the speaker?s meaning
C. language understanding D. the speaker?s competence 2) The Indirect Speech Act was developed by _______.
A．John Austin B. Levinson C. John Lyons D. John Searle
3) ________ is a branch of linguistics which is the study of meaning in the context use. A. Morphology B. Syntax C. Pragmatics D. Semantics
4. Tautologies like boys are boys are extreme examples in which maxim of _____ is violated. A. quality B. quantity C. relevance D. manner
Chapter 7
1. 要点
a. morphological change and syntactic change b. vocabulary change c. addition of new words
d. changes in the meaning of words
2. 实践 1)
Chapter 8
1. 要点
a. speech community and speech variety b. varieties of language：regional dialect, sociolect, idiolect ethnic dialect, register, standard dialect, pidgin and creole,
c. bilingualism and diglossia
2. 实践
1) In the present day, the stability of _ seems to be decreasing.
A. social-class dialect B. idiolect C. taboo D. regional dialect
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