模块6第1单元语法突破、语法练习、你问我答
虚拟语气 (1)
山东 刘永科
【虚拟语气概述】英语中的语气是关于动词的一个语法范畴,它跟时态、语态一样,都是通过变化谓语动词的形式来体现。英语动词有三种语气:陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。
1. 用来陈述事实的语气,叫陈述语气。例如:
I’ll drive over to see my uncle tomorrow. 我明天要开车去看望我叔叔。 We had six lessons yesterday. 我们昨天上了六节课。 2. 用来表示请求、命令或劝告的语气,叫祈使语气。例如: Will you please lend me your dictionary? 请借我你的字典用一下好吗? Go back to your seat. 回到你的座位上去。
3. 用来表示所说的不是事实,或者是不可能发生的情况,而是一种假设、愿望、建议等的语气,叫虚拟语气。例如:
早在必修4第2单元,就有这样一个句子: What do you think would happen if tomorrow there was suddenly no rice to eat?
我们发现,if 条件句中用了一般过去时,主句中用了过去将来时 (do you think是插入语)。为什么不分别用一般现在时和一般将来时呢?
英语中,虚拟语气最主要的一个用法就是:它表示“与事实不符甚至相反或将来不可能发生的情况”。这句话的意思是,“如果明天突然没有大米吃了,那么你认为会发生什么事情呢?”其含义是:这种机会可能几乎没有,仅仅是一个假设罢了。
虚拟语气有多种情况。但下面三种情况是我们必须掌握的: 1. 表示愿望、期待的虚拟语气。2. 表示假设条件的虚拟语气。3. 表示要求、建议、命令的虚拟语气。本单元先讲解第一种情况。
表示愿望、期待的虚拟语气
1. wish +宾语从句
表示现在的愿望,宾语从句用过去时。例如:
I wish I remembered her address. 我要是记得她的地址就好了。 She wishes she were a bird. 她但愿是只鸟。 表示过去的愿望,宾语从句用过去完成时。例如:
I wish that I had bought the beautiful bike. 我巴不得买了那辆漂亮的自行车。 He wishes he hadn’t made such a mistake. 他要是没有犯那样的错误该有多好。 表示将来的愿望,宾语从句用过去时或过去将来时。例如: I wish he could come again. 但愿他能再来。
We wish our parents wouldn’t punish us. 但愿父母不会惩罚我们。
注意:在口语中,wish后面的that经常省略。此外,wish本身也可以是过去式,表示过去的一种愿望,that从句的时态不受影响。如:He wished that he hadn’t told Mary the bad news yesterday. 他昨天若是不告诉玛丽那件坏消息就好了。
2. if only +陈述句
表示现在的愿望用过去时。例如:
If only our parents could live together with us! 要是我们的父母能和我们在一起该多好! If only I knew his name! 我要是知道他的名字有多好! 表示过去的愿望,用过去完成时。例如:
If only we had listened to their advice! 我们要是听了他的劝告该多好! If only I hadn’t missed the train. 我们要是没有耽误火车该有多好! 表示将来的愿望用过去将来时。例如: If only it would stop raining! 但愿雨能停下来。
If only we would go camping tomorrow. 我们若是明天去野营就好了。 If only 有时可分开使用。例如:
If I could only see him once! 我只要见到他一次就好了。 If he only knew how we miss him! 但愿他知道我们多么想念他。 3. would (had) rather +从句
表示现在的愿望从句用过去时。例如:
Mary would rather they didn’t know her real name. 玛丽但愿他们不知道她的真实姓名。 I would rather you remained here than went away. 我宁愿你留在这儿不要走。 表示过去的愿望,从句用过去完成时。例如:
I’d rather you hadn’t done that. 我巴不得你没有做那件事。 I would rather you had gone there, too. 我宁愿你也到那儿去过。 表示将来的愿望,从句用过去时或过去将来时。例如:
Don’t come tomorrow. I’d rather you came next weekend. 明天别来,我愿你下个周末来。 I can do such a tough job, but I’d rather you would do it. 我能够做这项棘手的工作,可我但愿你来做。
但也可不用虚拟语气,虽不多见。例如: I’d rather you go home now. 我宁愿你现在就回家。 I would rather you come on Monday. 你星期一来好了。 4. may +陈述句 (陈述句的谓语动词用原形)
May the friendship between our peoples last forever! 祝我们两国人民的友谊万古长青! May you succeed! 祝你成功! 5. 其他表示法
(1) 表示祝福、祈求,也可以看做是虚拟语气,谓语动词用原形。例如: Long live the people’s Republic of China! 中华人民共和国万岁! Heaven help him. 上天保佑他。 God bless you! 上帝保佑你。
(2) be anxious (eager)+状语从句可表示某种迫切的愿望。例如:
We are anxious that he (should) avoid the mistake. 我们渴求他避免这一错误。
虚拟语气 (1) 专练
1. Helen became so upset. If only I ________ her the bad news. A. didn’t tell B. don’t tell C. wouldn’t tell D. hadn’t told
2. I wish that I ________ such things about her the other day. I still regret it now. A. had not said B. didn’t say C. wouldn’t say D. shouldn’t have said 3. I would rather you ________ me now.
A. pay B. paid C. are paying D.will pay 4. We are eager that she ________ the mistake next time. A. should avoid B. will avoid C. avoided D. avoids 5. I do wish I _______ an astronaut some day.
A. am B. were C. will be D. would be 6. ---“Shall I close the door?” ---“I’d rather you ________.” A. won’t B. don’t C. hadn’t D. didn’t
7. ---“Have you ever been to New York?” ---“No, but I wish I ________.” A. had B. have C. will D. do 8. Look at what has happened! If only I _________ his advice. A. could follow B. would follow C. should follow D. had followed 9. I wished I _________ my aunt yesterday. A. have met B. met
C. had met D. would have met
10. I ____ each of the students immediately work out a practical plan of study. A. wish B. suggest C. expect D. hope (1-5DABAD 6-10DADCB)
你问我答
attempt to do, try to do和manage to do的区别
【问】本单元中有这样一句话:Some modern art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes. (P 3) 请问,attempt to do sth.是什么意思?它跟 try to do和manage to do有何区别?(山东潍坊 孙万丽)
【答】你说的句子意思是:“有些现代艺术相当抽象难懂;就是说,画家不想把物体画得像我们眼睛所看到的那样。” attempt to do sth. 是“企图(尝试)做某事”。又如:An astronaut will attempt to leave the stationary spaceship and then return to it. (一名宇航员将试着离开停着的宇宙飞船,然后再回到里面去。) Before they fled the city, the enemy vainly attempted to destroy all
the factories. (敌人在逃离这个城市前,妄图把所有工厂都毁掉。)
attempt 的含义是去做自己希望会成功的事,常常包含冒险的意义。例如:
The boys attempted to leave for camping but were stopped by their parents.男孩子们想去野营但被他们的父母们拦住了。
try 比 attempt 普通得多。在口语中使用 try 比 attempt 显得更加通俗。但这两个词有着明显的差异。try 表示试一试,意欲证明或检验某件事,这是 attempt 所不能表达的。在表示致力于某事时,try 并不包含冒险的意思。例如:
He is trying to understand his teacher’s meaning. 他正在尽力弄明白老师的意思。
manage to do sth. 强调“设法做成”,表示“结果”。相当于succeed in doing sth. 例如: At first, no ready technical data were available, but we managed to go without. 起初,我们没有现成的技术资料,但也设法照样干下去了。
I finally managed to find the book I was looking for. 我终于找到了一直在找的书。 此外,attempt作名词,也表示“尝试,企图”,例如:They made an attempt to escape, but failed.(他们试图逃跑,但失败了。)常见的固定词组有:
in an attempt to企图, 试图 in one's attempt to企图, 试图 make an attempt at/on打算; 试图 make an attempt to do打算/试图作某事
(山东省潍坊第七中学 刘永科)

