第一节 句子类型
一、句子类型 1.陈述句（肯定句、否定句） 按语2.疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意） 气3.祈使句 划分4.感叹句
1.Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓） 句2.Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
子1.简单句 3.Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾） 类4.Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 型5.Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
按 1.转折并列句 but,yet,however,while 结构2.并列句 2.因果并列句 for,so,therefore 划3.联合并列句 and,not only…but also 分4.选择并列句 or,otherwise,either…or
1.主语从句
2.表语从句 名词性从句
3.复合句 3.宾语从句
4.同位语从句
5.定语从句 形容词性从句 6.状语从句 副词性从句
(1)、简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）构成的句子。简单句的5种基本句型结构如下：
1．主 + 谓 例如：The︱sun︱rises. 2．主 + 谓 （系） + 表 例如：He ︱is ︱hungry. 3．主 + 谓 + 宾 例如：I︱prefer︱coffee.
4. 主 + 谓 + 直宾 + 间宾 例如：Mother︱bought︱her︱a doll. 5．主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 例如：They︱call︱me︱Xiao Zhang.
(2)、并列句：由两个或两个以上等立而又 相互独立的简单句构成，两个简单句由并列连词连在一起。 其结构是： 简单句+并列连词+简单句 1. I help him and he helps me . 2. He failed many times but he wasn’t discouraged. 3. We must hurry, or we shall miss the train. 4. Not only did he write to us but also he came here yesterday. 5. Either he didn’t speak clearly or I didn’t hear well.
(3)、复合句：简单句中的某一个成分由一个句子来充当。 1.名词性丛句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
1) What he said just now is right. 2) He said that he had seen the film. 3) This is why he didn’t go to school.
4) The news that he has passed the exam made me happy. 引导名词性从句的连词有:
that, which, if, whether, who, whom, whose, when ,how, where, why, ever.
2.形容词性从句：定语从句
1) The man who is standing there is White. 2) The building which was built is a school. 3) This is the place where I lived. 引导定语从句的连词有： that, which, who, whom, whose, when, where, why.
3. 副词性从句：状语从句
(条件、时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、让步状语从句）
引导状语从句的连词有：when, while, as, as soon as, after, since, until, till, where, if, unless, because, in order that, so…that…, though, wherever, whenever, as …as, not so…as, than
二．五种简单句的结构练习：翻译下列句子。 1.主语＋谓语（vi.） (+状语)
S+vi构成句子主体部分。Vi后不能直接带宾语，但有时为了表示动作发生的频率、原因、结果、目的、地点、时间等，可以用状语来修饰。
1)开始上课。 2)他的父亲出国了。 3)吉姆在公园跑步。 4)我们停下来休息。 5他们在操场上玩。
2.主语＋连系动词＋表语（+状语） 连系动词的类别: (1) be
(2) 感官动词：look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, feel (3) 表持续的动词：remain, keep , stay, continue (4) 表变化的动词：get, become, turn, grow ,
表语通常由名词、副词、形容词、代词、数词、介词短语及不定式充当。
6) 水果有益健康。
7）母亲通常对孩子们期望较高。 8）电话中她的声音听起来微弱又怪异。 9）他今天缺勤。
10）他未接受过培训，这是一个严重的的缺陷。
３.主语＋谓语（vt.）＋宾语（+状语）
Vt.后必须接宾语才能使聚义表达完整，句子的宾语可以由名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句或相当于名词的词、短语等来充当。
11) 他儿子碰到一个残疾孩子。
12）昨天他大儿子在超市碰到一个残疾孩子。 13）学生们停下笔。 14) 他们想走。 15）她知道下一步做什么。
４.主语＋谓语（vt.）＋间宾＋直宾 =主语+谓语（vt）+直宾+介词+间宾 直接宾语是vt.的直接对象，间接宾语是vt.的动作所涉及的人或物，即间接宾语是指动作是对谁做的，或为谁做的，所以只能是名词或宾格代词担当间接宾语。
16)我给约翰买了生日礼物。 17)请告诉我你的电话号码。
18)玛丽给她最好的朋友发了一张明信片。 19)我为他找了一张多余的票。 20)要我给你叫辆出租车吗？ ▲一些间接宾语可改成由to引起的短语，表示动作向谁。 ▲一些间接宾语可改成由for引起的短语，表示动作为谁
５.主语＋谓语（vt.）＋宾语＋宾补(+状语)
名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词和介词等都可以作宾补。
21)我们将让你当船长。 22)经理要汤姆离开。
23）他的话是总统处于艰难境地。
24) 我看到这个男孩在河边玩耍。 25) 残疾人发现这个网站很有用。 他讨厌的话令我很生气。
这个鼓舞人心的故事让我很收鼓舞。
▲There …be/ stand/ lie/live 结构
1）There is a computer on the desk. 2）There will be thousands of visitor in Guangzhou next month. 3）There used to be a river here. 4）There stands a temple on the top of the mountain. 5）There lived an old fisherman here 10 years ago.
26) 课室里有很多桌子。 27) 树下有一个漂亮的女孩。
Keys:
1. Class begins.
2. His father has gone abroad. 3. Jim runs in the park.
4. We stopped to have a rest.
5. They are playing on the playground.
6. Fruit is beneficial to your heath.
7. Mothers are often highly ambitious for their children. 8. His voice sounded weak and strange on the phone. 9. He is absent from class today.
10. His lack of training was a serious disability.
11. Her son met a disabled child.
12. Yesterday her elder son met a disabled child in the street. 13. Students stopped writing. 14. They want to go.
15. She knows what to do next.
16. I bought John a birthday present.
17. Please tell me your telephone number. 18. Mary sent a postcard to her best friend. 19. I found a spare ticket for him. 20. Shall I order a taxi for you?
21. We will make you captain.
22. The manager asked Tom to leave.
23. His speech left the President in a very difficult position. 24. He saw the boy play by the river.
25. Disabled people find the website beneficial.
His annoying words made me annoyed. The encouraging story made me encouraged,
26. There were many desks in the classroom. 27. There is a pretty girl under the tree.
句子成分课后练习题
(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词（4分， 4分钟）
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
