介词
一、介词根据结构分类
★简单介词
above 在??上 below 在??下面 along 沿着 through 通过 across 穿过；在?对面 until 直到??为止
by 在??附近；到??为止 among 在??之间 against 相反 with 和；用；带有 without 没有 besides 除??外 ★合成介词
into 到??里面 onto 到；向；朝 nearby 在??附近 ★双重介词
until after 直到??以后 from out of 从??出来 ★介词短语
according to 根据 regardless of 不管 apart from 除??外 instead of 代替 in case of 以防 in addition to 除??外 in spite of 尽管 owing to 因为 on behalf of 代表 thanks to 幸亏 as for 关于 because of 因为；由于 by mistake 错误地 by the way 顺便问一下 access to 进入??的方法 key to ??的关键 blame for ??的责任 charge for 对??的要价 account for 是??的原因 belong to 属于 absent from 缺席
be strict with 对??严格 be aware of 意识到 contrary to 与??相反 for fear of 唯恐 in charge of 负责 in return for 报答 on account of 因为 ◎ 小试牛刀
1. While staying in the village, James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the villagers
without asking for anything . A. in return B. in common C. in turn D. in place
2. everyone here, I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country.
A. By means of B. On behalf of C. In search of D. For fear of 3. A great person is always putting others’ interests his own.
A. below B. above C. in D. on
二、介词短语的句法功能
☆ 作状语：表时间、地点方式、条件、原因等
1. The sports meeting was put off till next Sunday because of the rain. ☆ 作定语：常置于被修饰词或短语的后面 1. She is a woman of strong character.
2. Most of the cars on display are new products. ☆ 作表语
1. The Whites will be for holiday in Hainan this winter vacation.
2. How many delegates are in favor of this motion? ☆ 作补足语
1. Her illness kept her in bed for a week.
2. I found everything in good condition.
三、介词的位置
◇ 在定语从句中一般将介词放在关系代词的前面，但在非正式文体中，也常将介词放
在从句中并省略关系代词。
This is the hotel at which we stayed last time. This is the hotel (which) we stayed at last time.
◇ 介词宾语放句首：在非正式用法中常将介词的宾语移到句首，而介词仍保留在后面
用以加强语气。
Your remaining here I have no objection to.
正常语序：I have no objection to your remaining here. 三、介词的省略
★省略in：在下列短语中，in常被省略。 be busy (in) doing 忙于做??
have difficulty/trouble (in) doing 做??有困难 spend …(in) doing… 做??花??
have a good time (in) doing… 做??玩得高兴 waste no time (in) doing… 赶紧做??
四、易混淆介词对比
among 用于三者或三者以上范围或数目不确定的事物之间
between两者范围，强调两者之间 except 除??之外（其他都），其后的宾语被排除在外的，侧重同类事物的排除； besides 除??之外（还有），其后的宾语是被包括在内的； except for 其后被排除的内容与主语往往不是同一类的； apart from 可包括except和besides两者的含义。 All my friends took part in the party except John. He has learned German, French besides English. She felt fine except for being a little tired. I ate everything apart from the soup.
What do you like doing apart from swimming?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
◎ 小试牛刀
1. Everything was perfect for the picnic the weather.
A. in place of B. as well as C. except for D. in case of
连词
◎ 小试牛刀！
1. There’s no way of knowing why one man makes an important discovery another
man, also intelligent, fails.
B. since B. if C. as D. while
一、常用连词词组用法 ★ both…and…的用法
“??和??都（两者）；既??又??”，两个相同结构既可以是单个的词，也可以是短语。若连接的两个并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 1. I hate it that he both drinks and smokes. 2. Both he and his wife enjoy tennis.
★ Not only… but also…的用法
“不但??而且??”，also有时候可以省略。若将not only 置于句首，后面连接分居时，要进行部分倒装。
1. He not only read the book, but also remembered what he read. 2. He speaks not only English but also German.
3. Not only can taking exercise strengthen ourselves, but it can also help us defeat against
the diseases.
4. Not only did he attend the lecture, but he raised a few questions. 5. Not only the teacher but also the students wish for a holiday.
The teacher as well as the students wishes for a holiday.
★ Neither…nor…的用法
“既不??也不??，??和??都不”。若连接的两个成分作主语，其谓语动词通常与最靠近的主语保持一致。
1. I have neither time nor money.
2. Neither his parents nor Jack was at home.
★ 表示选择：either…or… “或者??或者??（两者之间选一”；
not … but… “不是??而是??” 1. She’s the kind of person you either love or hate.
2. Not money but skilled worker workers are what we are short of.
★ 表示转折关系：but, yet(然而), while(然而), whereas(然而), or(否则).
1. The problem was a little hard, yet he was able to work it.
2. The spring of Beijing is very dry while that of Kunming is damp.
二、几组常用连词比较 ★ 表原因
because 表示造成某种情况的直接原因，语气最强常用来回答why的提问。 since 表示众所周知的原因，常译为“既然，由于” as 也表示众所周知的原因，但语气比since弱。 for 语气最弱，仅对前面的分句加以解释或推断，只能位于句尾，前面用逗号隔开。 1. – Why didn’t he pass the exam? – Because he didn’t work hard. 2. He must have taken the book away since it isn’t here. 3. We didn’t know what to do as we were just visiting there. 4. I stopped to rest, for I was very tired.
★ 表“当??时候”
when: 引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词一般用非延续性动词； while: 引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词一般用延续性动词。
As: 引导的时间状语从句的动作与主句动作同时发生。as 分句的动作为主句动作发
生的背景或条件
1. When the clock struck twelve, all the lights went out. 2. While they were talking, the bell rang.
3. You can’t do your homework while you’re watching TV. 4. I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.
★ so that 与 so…that
so that “以便；以致”，可引导目的状语从句 so… that… “如此??以至于”，引导结果状语从句 1. He went by air so that he got there on time.
2. The city is so small that we can’t find it on the map.
