者和学者们，为了描绘一个西方人心目中固有的土著社会（或者经济发展欠发达社会）的形象，故意篡改照片，满足西方读者的好奇心，并且有意迎合西方中产阶级的趣味。在短文中，作者有时候并不开宗明义，直奔主题，而是利用人们都熟悉的文化元素，例如诗歌，书籍，电影，歌曲等，引起读者对其讨论话题的兴趣，然后再引入主题。并不是每一篇文章都会开门见山，读者不应该把每篇文章的首尾句都当成对文章大意的总结。
4. 答案是[A] the indigenous culture
解析：But in some ways, anthropological photographs reveal more about the culture that holds the camera than the one that stares back.本句是文章切入主题的重点句。考生应该格外注意在阅读文章靠前部分出现的，以转折词（例如，HOWEVER， BUT，NEVERTHELESS， NONETHELESS等）开头的句子。那往往是作者叙述传统论点，或者普遍看法的关键地方。本句可以理解为：但是，在某些方面，人类学家拍摄的照片展现的与其说是那个盯视着照相机的（被拍摄的）文化，不如说是反映了拿着照相机的（西方）文化。作者暗示，照片反映了西方摄影者的偏见和对落后文化固有的看法，反映的是西方的价值观，并不是完全真实客观的那些不发达社会的写照。这句话基本上是对文章中心意思的总结。如果对文章的主题有大致的认识，就不会将本题选错。
5. 答案是[C] The western media are not presenting a realistic picture of the faraway societies. 解析：Catherine Lutz是文章中提到的1993年出版的READING NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC的作者之一。她们在书中写道，《国家地理》杂志自从1888年创刊以来，就一直刊登那些不和美国中产阶级白人的价值观发生冲突的照片。照片中可以表现袒露胸部的黑色皮肤的妇女，但是白人妇女的胸部就是禁止刊登的对象。她们认为，这样做的后果就是，在那些西方主流杂志中展现的，似乎是相对而言没有痛苦的，也不存在阶级斗争的社会。因此答案C The western media are not presenting a realistic picture of the faraway societies(西方媒体并没有展现落后地区的真实画面)最能表现该作者的观点。
Notes 生词注释： snap v. 按动快门 loot v. 掠夺，抢劫 sabotage v. /n. （从事）破坏活动 indigenous adj. 本土的
exaggerated adj. 夸张的 anthropological adj. 人类学的
ethnographer n. 民族志学者，人种学者 accoutrement n. 穿着，配备 enact v. （本文）扮演 ritual n. 典礼，（宗教）仪式，礼节 veracity n. 真实性 legendary adj. 传说中的，传奇般的
reinforce v. 增强 stereotype n. 陈腔滥调；老套 taboo n. 禁忌，避讳 unsettle v. 令人不安 depiction n. 描述 lush adj. 青葱的，味美的，繁荣的 Passage Two
The British Medical Journal recently featured a strong response to what was judged an inappropriately lenient reaction by a medical school to a student cheating in an examination. Although we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon, its prevention, or its effective management, much can be concluded and acted upon on the basis of common sense and concepts with face validity.
There is general agreement that there should be zero tolerance of cheating in a profession based on trust and one on which human lives depend. It is reasonable to assume that cheaters in medical school will be more likely than others to continue to act dishonestly with patients, colleagues, insurers, and government.
The behaviours under question are multifactorial in origin. There are familial, religious, and cultural values that are acquired long before medical school. For example, countries, cultures, and subcultures exist where bribes and dishonest behaviour are almost a norm. There are secondary schools in which neither staff nor students tolerate cheating and others where cheating is rampant; there are homes which imbue young people with high standards of ethical behaviour and others which leave ethical training to the harmful influence of television and the market place. Medical schools reflect society and cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a society. The selection process of medical students might be expected to favour candidates with integrity and
positive ethical behaviour—if one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in advance. Medical schools should be the major focus of attention for imbuing future doctors with integrity and ethical sensitivity. Unfortunately there are troubling, if inconclusive, data that suggest that during medical school the ethical behaviour of medical students does not necessarily improve; indeed, moral development may actually stop or even regress.
The creation of a pervasive institutional culture of integrity is essential. It is critical that the academic and clinical leaders of the institution set a personal example of integrity. Medical schools must make their institutional position and their expectations of students absolutely clear from day one. The development of a school's culture of integrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and nurturing. Moreover, the school's examination system and general treatment of students must be perceived as fair. Finally, the treatment of infractions must be firm, fair, transparent, and consistent. 6. What does the author say about cheating in medical schools? [A] Extensive research has been done about this phenomenon. [B] We have sufficient data to prove that prevention is feasible.
[C] We are safe to conclude that this phenomenon exists on a grand scale.
[D] Reliable data about the extent, prevention and management of the phenomenon is lacking. 7. According to the author, it is important to prevent cheating in medical schools because ____________.
[A] The medical profession is based on trust. [B] There is zero tolerance of cheating in medicine. [C] The medical profession depends on the government. [D] Cheating exists extensively in medical schools.
8. What does the author say about the cause(s) of cheating? [A] Family, culture and society play an active part.
[B] Bad school environment is the leading cause of student cheating. [C] Parents are always to blame for their children’s cheating behaviour. [D] Cheating exists primarily because students learn bad things from TV.
9. According to the author, what precautions should medical schools take to prevent students from cheating?
[A] Medical schools should establish a firm moral standard to weed out applicants with low integrity.
[B] Medical schools should make efforts to remedy the ills of a society. [C] Medical schools should teach future doctors integrity and ethical values.
[D] There is nothing medical schools can do to improve the ethical behaviour of their students. 10. The author will probably agree with which of the following statements?
[A] Medical schools should make exams easier for the students to alleviate the fierce competition. [B] Prominent figures in the medical institution should create a set of moral standards to be applied in medical schools.
[C] Medical students should play an active role in the creation and preservation of a culture of integrity.
[D] Those students who cheat in the exams should be instantly expelled from school. 答案及解析
