them chronically disabled.Then one day researchers come up with a drug that can prevent some of the disease’s nastier威胁的effects.You would think the world’s ageing public would be eternally grateful.
The disease does exist.It is called tobacco addiction.The drug too is real and in animal tests has prevented lung damage that leads to emphysema肺气肿.But the inventors have received no bouquets恭维话. Prevailing medical opinion seems to be that the drug is a mere sideshow杂耍的,distracting smokers from the task of quitting.Another experimental drug ,which could protect smokers against cancer ,is also viewed with suspicion because it could give smokers an excuse not to quit.
On the face of从表面判断it these responses make sense.It is ingrained彻底的, 根深蒂固in society that smokers have only themselves to blame and their salvation拯救, 救助lies in a simple act of will.If they will not quit smoking,they cannot expect help from anyone else.
But this logic is flawed有缺陷的.Check a survey of smokers and you find two-thirds want to give up and one-third will have tried in the previous year.Yet,even with nicotine gum齿龈, 口香糖,patches and drugs to ease the ordeal,the quit rate is still under 10 percent.In the UK , the proportion of people who smoke has not fallen in a decade.Tobacco has a powerful grip,and many smoker are caught in a trap they cannot escape:they have a disease like any other and deserve the chance to reduce the harm it does to them.
This reasoning is hard for many to swallow.It certainly leaves governments and anti-smoking groups in a bind处于困境,左右为难. They are happy to pay lip service to口头上支持methods for reducing harm---of which three are a growing unmber---but they are slow to create policies based upon them.European Union countries,for example,look years to指望, 依赖; even consider regulating the dangerous additives in cigarettes.
One fear is that methods for reducing harm will dilute冲淡,变弱,稀释the message that tobacco kills---especially when given to youngsters.But that message won’t change.In the present case,even if both drugs turn out证明是...to work in human trials,they would not protect against all the deadly side effects of smoking.And the drugs do not have to be free to all.They could be available only on prescription for people who doctors believe genuinely cannot give up.
There are things that no drug aimed at harm reduction will ever be able to be.It will not cut passive smoking or stop tobacco companies persuading millions of teenagers to light up.For these reasons all other ways to counter smoking must continue,from banning tobacco advertising to raising tobacco taxes.But it would be a mistake to ignore the harm reduction measures.For those who are not convinced,forget smokers for a moment.Preventive drugs could also help non-smokers,especially those working long hours,as,say,musicians and bar stall in smoky rooms.Should we deny them too?
71．The statement “But the inventors have received no bouquets” implies that___ A.the drugs have received suspicion B.the inventors just presented a sideshow
C.it will take time for the public to accept the new drug D. the effects of the drug need further test on human trials 72．The author argues that ____
A.no smoker is expected to succee in quitting
B.smokers deserve the harm smoking does to them
C.smokers with resolution to stop smoking need halp
D. smokers could succeed with strong resolution to give up 73．The author is trying to emphasize that the drugs____ A.are aimed at youngsters
B.should be available to smokers free of charge C.will not change the message that tobacco kills D.help regulate the dangerous additives in cigarattes 74．The drugs,according to the author,are expected____ A.to perform preventive functions in non-smokers B.to reduce the number of passive smokers C.to enforce the combat against smoking D.all of the above
75．we can draw a conclusion from the passage that___
A.with innovative drugs smokers can still enjoy personal gratifications满意and stay healthy B.if a drug can save lives,we shouldn’t withhold it without good resaon C.the battle against smoking is far from won D. there will be a safe way to smoke passage 4
Eating is related to emotional as well as physiologic needs.Sucking ,which is the infant’s means of gaining both food and emotional security conditions the association of eating with well-being or with deprivation.If the child is breast-fed and has supportive body cintact as well as good mild intake,if the child is allowed to suck for as long as he or she desires,and if both the child and the mother enjoy the nursing experience and share their enjoyment,the child is more likely to shrive both phgysically and emotionally.On the other hand,if the mother is nervous and resents the child or cuts him her off from the milk supply before either the child’s hunger or sucking need is satisfied,or handle the child hostilely during the feeding,or props the baby with a bottle rather than holding the child,the child may develop physically but will begin to show signs of emotional disturbance at an early age.If ,in addition,the infant is further abused by parental indifference or intolerance,he or she will carry scars of such emotional deprivation throughout life.
Eating habits are also conditioned by family and other psychosocial environments.If an individual’s family eats large quantities of food,then he or she is inclined to eat large amounts.If an individual’s family eats mainly vegetable,then he or she will be inclined to like vegetables.If mealtime is a happy and significant event,then the will tend to think of eating in those terms.And if a family eats quickly,without caring what is being eaten and while fighting at the dinner table,then the person will most likely adopt the same eating pattern and be adversely affected by it.This conditioning to food can remain unchanged through a lifetime unless the individual is awakened to 醒悟the fact of conditioning and to the possible need for altering his or her eating patterns in order to improve nutritional intake.Conditioning spills over into and is often reinforced by religious beliefs and other customs so that ,for example,a Jew,whose religion forbids the eating of pork,might have guilt feeling if he or she ate pork.An older Roman Catholi might be conditioned to feel guilty if he or she eats meat on Ffiday,traditionaly a fish day. 76．A well-breast-fed child____
A.tends to associated foods with emotions
B.is physiologically and emotionally satisfied
C.cannot have physiologic and emotional problems
D. is more likely to have his or her needs satisfied in the futrue 77．while sucking ,the baby is actually___ A.conscious of the impact of breast-feeding B.interacting with his or her mother C.creating a nursing environment D. impossible to be abused 78．A bottle-fed child___
A.can be healthy physiologically,but not emotionally B.cannot avoid physiologic abuse throught life C.is deprived of emotional needs D. is rid of physiological needs
79．From the list of eating habits,we learn that____ A.everyone follows his or her eating pattern to death B.one’s eating pattern varies with his or her personality C.there is no such things as psychosocial environments D.everyone is born into a conditioned eating environment 80．A Jew or an older Roman Catholic___ A.takes an eating habit as a religious belief
B.is conditioned to feel guilty of eating pork in his or her family
C.cannot have a nutritional eating habit conditioned by religion beliefs
D. observes遵守 an eating pattern conditioned by his or her psychosocial environment Passage 5
Several classes of bitter苦的 citrus compound have looked promising as anticancer agents in laboratory tests.A new study indicates that long-term consumption of orange juice.A source of such chemicals cuts cancer risk in rats.
In test-tube studies,one class of the bitter compounds-flavonoids类黄酮-has inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells.Related studies showed that bitter citrus柑桔 limonoids similarly ward off 挡住cancer in animals.Mulling深思 over such data,Maurice R Bennink of Michigan State University in East Lansing wondered whether drinking orange juice would have a beneficial effect. mull sth. over
(=mull over sth.)反复考虑某事
His team injected 60 young rats with a chemical that causes colon cancer and then raised half of the animals on a normal diet.The others received orange juice instead of drinking water-and less sugar in their food to compensate for sugars in the juice.
At an American Institute for Cancer Research meeting last week in Washington D.C.. Bennink reported that after 7 months 22 of the animals receiving a normal diet had developed colon cancers.Only 17 of the rats on the orange-juice diet showed tumors.That’s 77 percent of the control group’s incidence.
Concludes Bennink,whose work was supported by orange-juice producer Tropicana products of Brandenton,Fla…“These data show orange juice helps protect against cancer”,He says that the study might also apply to breast,prostate,and lung cancers.
Bandaru S.Reddy of the American Health Foundation in Valhalla.N.Y.,was not surprised by Bennink’s finding of an orange juice benefit.However,he calls the reported risk reduction. unimpressive不令人信服的,his own data show that citrus limonoids protect against chemically induced
colon cancer in lab animals.
Luke K. T. Lam of LDT Laboratories in St. Paul,Minn.,finds Bennink’s data“quite interesting.” although he describes as “borderline”边界线the suppression of cancer incidence observed by Bennink.Lam has inhibited tumors in the lung,skin and forestomach of mice with limonoinds.
The scientists don’t know what compounds in orange juice underlie its effect.The juice is rich in one limonoid-a sugar-containing version of limonin柠檬苦素,which suppressed tumors in Lam’s rich in one experiments.It’s possible,Lam speculates,that rats convert the juice’s limonoid into limonin.
Indeed argues Gary D,Manners of the Agricultural Research Service in Albany,Calif..“there is no doubt that these( anticancer) citus compounds are bioavailable in animals to the site of a cancer.The question remains whether they are similiarly available in people”. To find out,his team will soon begin measuring the human boy’s uptake 吸收of limonoids from orange juice. 81.what made Bennink hypeothesize the protetive effect of orange juice? A.The wide consumption of the fruits B.the citrus limonoids of the fruits C.His own personal experience. D His promising research
82.which of the following is true of the results of Bennink’s study? A.only eitht rats of the control group showed tumors B.thirteen rats of the test guoup failed to show tumors C.seventy-seven percent of the test group did not show tumors D.only thirty-three percent of the control group showed tumors 83.It can be inferred from the passage that Bennink___ A.won much financial support with his unexpected results. B.had a commercial intention in the first place C.tried to please orange-juice manufacturers D.found a right sponsor 84.Both Reddy and Lam___
A.seemed to be surprisingly impressed by Bennink’s findings B.did not seem to be surprised by Bennink’s findings C.did not seem to believe in the orange juice benefit D.seemed to be doubtful of Bennink’s findings
85.From the passage we can learn that scientists are still in the dark about___ A.the substance that supprisses tumors
B.che existence of bioavability in the human body C.the uptake of limonoids from orange-juice in people
D.the bioavailability生物利用率, 生物有效度of citrus compounds in the human body. passage 6
Just before dawn we received a call that an unresponsive infant was being brought by emergency medical services to our hospital.As the medical team--the pediatric resident,intern,respiratory therapist,nurse,and me---prepared for the incoming patient,an eerie可怕的silence enveloped the trauma外伤room,an event that frequently precedes先于a pediatric resuscitation复活.
