专题限时训练(三十二) [说明文型阅读简答(一)]
(限时：25分钟)
(一)
Australian scientists have defended their conclusion that climate change is decreasing the width of leaves.
The research by Dr Greg Guerin and his colleagues of the University of Adelaide, found a link between increasing temperatures and a narrowing in leaves of a particular species of plant that grows in the Mediterranean climate of South Australia. “If it was hot but also wet, the plant could evaporate (使蒸发) water out of its leaves to keep cool, but because it's so dry, especially in summer, the plants can't afford to do that，” says Guerin. “Another way to keep cool is to have narrower leaves that don't get as hot and cool down quicker.”
But Dr Richard Duncan from Lincoln University in New Zealand reanalyses the data supplied by Guerin and his colleagues and comes to a different conclusion. “There is…no evidence of a link between changes in mean leaf width and recent climate warming，” writes Duncan.
Guerin and his colleagues originally measured leaves from specimens(标本) collected between 1882 and 2001. In the study, they found leaves growing closer to the equator were narrower than those growing further away and leaf width had declined over the study period, coinciding with a recent warming of temperatures.
But in his analysis, Duncan split Guerin and his colleagues' data into two time periods—before about 1950 when state temperatures were fairly steady, and after that time when they were on the rise. He says leaf narrowing occurred previous to about 1950 before the beginning of warming and remained constant after that time, a period during which temperatures increased.
But Guerin and his colleague Professor Andrew Lowe defend their original findings, saying that the leaf data before about 1950 is very small in number and this means it's impossible to split the data into the two periods Duncan used and get “statistically reliable” results.
1．According to Dr Greg Guerin, how does the plant keep cool in hot but wet weather？(No more than 8 words)
________________________________________________________________________ 2．Why are the leaves in South Australia becoming narrower? (No more than 7 words) ________________________________________________________________________ 3．After reanalysing the data supplied by Guerin and his colleagues, what does Dr Richard Duncan conclude? (No more than 15 words)
________________________________________________________________________ 4．In the opinion of Dr Greg Guerin and his colleague, why are Dr Richard Duncan's results unreliable？(No more than 15 words)
________________________________________________________________________
(二)
Advertising has become the most important marketing tool for companies to launch their products on the market. With the print and electronic media becoming an
important part of life, advertising plays a significant role in the success of new products.
Successful advertising campaigns view customers as kings, and once they love a product, it's sure to become a popular brand. From soft drinks to shampoos or luxury cars, advertising can create a completely different world for a product and the company. The magic of successful advertising campaigns is such that products just don't remain things—they move on to become brands in the eyes of consumers.
The importance of marketing in today's business environment is undoubtedly immense. No firm can sit back and watch their competitors take over the market. Choosing the right time to launch a product is one of the essential factors in deciding the fate of a new launch.
Marketing strategies govern the success of products and advertising forms a part of a marketing plan. Below are some basic parameters (决定因素) of successful marketing to help you know the answer to the question “How to develop a successful advertising campaign？”
To ensure that the advertisements can promote the product, the marketing teams and ad agencies focus on market research. The importance of market research is so obvious that nobody can ignore it.
Knowing about the target audience and understanding their need help the marketing teams set their sales goals in a more organized manner. To survive in a competitive market by surpassing(胜过) the competitors, effective market research is required. So by analysing various parameters, firms can come up with better decisions and options and work out a more reasonable marketing mix strategy.
1．What makes advertising play an important role in the success of a new product？(No more than 12 words)
________________________________________________________________________ 2．According to Paragraph 2, what is the importance of successful advertising campaigns？(No more than 12 words)
________________________________________________________________________ 3．What must be done at first in order to develop a successful advertising campaign？(No more than 5 words)
________________________________________________________________________ 4．How can the marketing teams set their sales goals in a more organized manner？(No more than 11 words)
________________________________________________________________________
(三)
The modern Olympic Games, founded in 1896, began as contests between individuals，rather than among nations, with the hope of promoting world peace through sportsmanship. In the beginning, the games were open only to amateurs. Amateurs, whatever their contributions to a field, expect to receive no form of rewards; professionals, however, perform their work to earn a living.
Limiting the Olympics to amateurs prevented the participation of many who couldn't afford to be unpaid. Countries have always hoped to send their best athletes, not their wealthiest ones, to the Olympic Games. Thus, financial support for Olympic
athletes has become widely acceptable. For example, the runner Eric Liddell was the son of poor missionaries (传教士), and in 1924 the British Olympic Committee financed his trip to the Olympics in Paris, where he won a gold and a bronze medal.
But an unclear line separates what we call “financial support” from “earning money”. Do athletes “earn money” if they're compensated(补偿) for travel expenses? What if they're paid for time lost at work or if they teach sports for a living?
In 1971 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) removed the word “amateur” from the rules, making it easier for athletes to find the support necessary to train and compete. In 1986 the IOC allowed professional athletes into the games.
There are those who regret the disappearance of amateurism from the Olympic Games. For them the games lost something special when they became just another way for athletes to earn money. Others say that the principle of amateurism was always questionable; they argue that many competitors received so much financial support that they were really professionals. Most agree, however, that the debate over what constitutes (构成) an “amateur” will continue for a long time.
1．Why were the modern Olympic Games founded in 1896? (No more than 7 words) ________________________________________________________________________ 2．What is the purpose of mentioning the UK athlete Eric Liddell in Paragraph 2？(No more than 13 words)
________________________________________________________________________ 3．What did IOC do for the modern Olympic Games in 1971？(No more than 9 words) ________________________________________________________________________ 4．Why do some people regret the disappearance of amateurism from the Olympic Games？(No more than 15 words)
________________________________________________________________________
专题限时训练(三十二)
(一)
1. By evaporating water out of its leaves. 根据第二段“‘If it was hot but also wet, the plant could evaporate (使蒸发) water out of its leaves to keep cool…”可判断作答。
2. Because they need to keep cool. 根据第二段“…‘Another way to keep cool is to have narrower leaves that don't get as hot and cool down quicker.’”可判断作答。
3．Changes in mean leaf width aren't linked to recent climate warming./There's no link between changes in mean leaf width and recent climate warming. 根据第三段“‘There is…no evidence of a link between changes in mean leaf width and recent climate warming…”可判断作答。
4. Because the leaf data before about 1950 is very small in number.
根据最后一段“But Guerin and his colleague Professor Andrew Lowe defend their original findings, saying that the leaf data before about 1950 is very small in number and this means it's impossible to split the data into the two periods Duncan used and get ‘statistically reliable’results.”可判断作答。
(二)
1. The print and electronic media become an important part of life.
根据第一段“With the print and electronic media becoming an important part of life, advertising plays a significant role in the success of new products.”可判断作答。
2. They can make customers view the/a product as a popular brand.
根据第二段“Successful advertising campaigns view customers as kings, and once they love a product, it's sure to become a popular brand.”可判断作答。
3. Doing effective market research. 根据最后一段“To survive in a competitive market by surpassing(胜过) the competitors, effective market research is required.”可判断作答。
4. By knowing about the target audience and understanding their need. 根据最后一段“Knowing about the target audience and understanding their need help the marketing teams set their sales goals in a more organized manner.”可判断作答。
(三)
1. To promote world peace through sportsmanship. 根据第一段“The modern Olympic Games, founded in 1896, began as contests between individuals, rather than among nations, with the hope of promoting world peace through sportsmanship.”可判断作答。
2. To prove that financial support for Olympic athletes has become widely acceptable. 根据第二段“Thus, financial support for Olympic athletes has become widely acceptable.”可判断作答。
3. They removed the word “amateur” from the rules. 根据第四段“In 1971 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) removed the word ‘amateur’ from the rules, making it easier for athletes to find the support necessary to train and compete.”可判断作答。
4. Because they think it makes the games lose something special./Because they
think it makes the games become a way for athletes to earn money. 根据最后一段“There are those who regret the disappearance of amateurism from the Olympic Games. For them the games lost something special when they became just another way for athletes to earn money.”可判断作答。
