.
It is a method of second and foreign language teaching developed by Charles Curran. CLL is an application of counseling learning(咨询学习法)to second and foreign language teaching and learning. It uses techniques developed in group counseling to help people with psychological and emotional problems. The method makes use of group learning in small or large groups. These groups are the “Community”. The method places emphasis on the learners’ personal feelings and their reactions to language learning. Learners say things which they want to talk about, in their native language. The teacher (known as “Counselor”) translates the learners’ sentences into the foreign language, and the learner then repeats this to other members of the group.
一、Background 1、Rogerian counseling——Charles A. Curren 2、Humanistic techniques：the whole person 3、Language alternation
二、Approach 1、Theory of language Traditional structuralist position Language as social process The interactional view of language: interaction between equals, interaction between
unequals
interaction between learners and knowers, interaction between learners. 2、Theory of learning Contracted with traditional views (a putative learning view, the behavioral view) The whole-person learning (five stages) Consensual validation
S(secure)A(attention and aggression)R(retention and reflection)D(discrimination) the personal commitments
三、Design 1、 Objectives Explicit linguistic or communicative objectives are not defined. Teacher transfers knowledge and proficiency to the learner. Goal: attaining near-native like mastery of the target language Specific objectives are not addressed. 2、The syllabus No conventional language syllabus Topic-based course
.
Teacher’s responsibility： teacher transfers knowledge and proficiency to the learner Goal: attenting near-native like mastery of the target language. 3、Types of learning and teaching activities Combines innovative learning tasks and activities with conventional ones. Translation, Group Work, Recording, Transcription, Analysis, Reflection and observation, Listening, Free conversation 4、 Learner roles members of a community become counselors to other learners Five stages
5、Teacher roles Counselor Specific teacher roles are keyed to the five development stages. providing a safe environment Note two “asides” in the discussion of learning security.
6、 The role of instructional materials A textbook is not considered a necessary component. Materials may be developed by the teacher as the course develops. the use of teaching machines 四、Procedure 1、 classical CLL and personal interpretations of it 2、 the description of some typical activities in CLL classed 3、 a protocol of what a first day’s CLL class covered
Conclusion: Community Language Learning is the most responsive of the methods we have reviewed in terms of its sensitivity to learner communication intent. It places unusual demands on language teachers. Critics of Community Language Learning question many aspects of CLL. Supporters of CLL emphasize the positive benefits of a method that centered on the learner and stresses the humanistic side of language learning. 自己想法：学校英语角活动 Question for discussion:
社团学习法把语言学习过程比作是咨询过程，你们觉得这个比喻合适吗？为什么？
第八章 Suggostopedia
Suggestopedia/Lozanov Method (暗示法/罗扎诺夫法)
.
It is a method of foreign-language teaching developed by the Bulgarian Lozanov. It makes use of dialogues, situations and translation to present and practise language, and in particular, makes use of music, visual images, and relaxation exercises to make learning more comfortable and effective.
一、Background 1、Suggestology
2、the most conspicuous characteristics of Suggestopedia 3、Soviet psychology 4、mental states
5、the centrality of music and musical rhythm to learning
二、Approach 1、Theory of language lexis is central whole meaningful text a language to be its vocabulary and the grammar rules for organizing vocabulary 2、Theory of learning a desuggestive-suggestive sense six principal theoretical components:
authority, infantilization, double-planedness, intonation, rhythm, concert pseudo-passiveness the type of music
the rate of presentation of material to be learned within the rhythmic pattern
三、Design 1、Objectives deliver advanced conversational proficiency quickly
increased access to understanding and creative solutions of problems 2、 The syllabus course description time duration——30 days each unit
the whole course 3、Types of learning and teaching activities imitation, question and answer, role play each unit
listening activities 4Learner roles The mental state of the learner is critical to success, mind-alteringinfantilization 5、Teacher roles
.
the primary role of the teacher expected teacher behaviors
needs three to six months training in acting, singing, and psychotherapeutic techniques 6 The role of instructional materials Expected teacher behaviors
Direct support materials: text and tape
Indirect support materials: classroom fixtures and music
四、Procedure Bancroft’s description: a four-hour language class has three distinct parts. The first part: an oral review section
The second part: new material is presented and discussed The third part: the séance or concert session Conclusion: Suggestopedia has probably received both the most enthusiastic and the most critical response of any of the so-called new methods. It is not productive to further belabor the science/nonscience, date/double-talk issues and instead try to identify and validate those
techniques from Suggestopedia that appear effective and that harmonize with other successful techniques in the language teaching inventory. Question for discussion;
暗示法强调音乐的作用，那么音乐在外语学习过程中究竟起了怎样的作用？谈谈你们的看法。
第九章 The Whole Language 全语言法
The purpose of the Whole Language theory is to present language learning as a
whole process in practice. Language is taught as a whole that is not divided into phonetics, vocabulary and grammar. However, language are taught by the ways of the listening, speaking, reading and writing for learners in the colleges or universities.
源于母语Holistic
一、Background
The term was initially created in 1980s by Goodman and a group of U.S. educators concerned with the teaching of reading and writing in the native language. As a holistic way to teach reading, whole language argues:
学生作为某种文化的一个成员与知识的创造者，应该受到尊重。Respect for each student as a member of a culture and as a creator of knowledge.
