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diagrams from Archimedes 有本书被发现是palimpsest，在它的表面下是Archimedes的数学理论和表格。说明这个例子是讲的这个人的数学著作是怎么被发现的。所以答案是B，古老数学作品的恢复。
老师关于parchment说了哪两点。在第一题中已经说过了，老师她在讲她的例子时先介绍了一下parchment这些东西是什么吧。那他说parchment的特点肯定就在一开始的这段lecture中找 （28秒）During the 1400s, when printing was being developed, paper became the predominant material for books in Europe, but prior to t hat, it was parchment . Parchment is durable, much more so than paper, and it could be reus ed which came in handy since it was a costly material and in short supply. 首先说1400年代，印刷业开始发展，纸张就成了主要的印书的材料但是在这之前是parchment，所以说明parchment是在纸张1400年代出现时才开始不再是主要材料开始减少的，所以一个答案是D, 它被用来印书的用途在1400开始减少。后半句说的是parchment很珍贵，她可以再利用因为它很昂贵并且供给的少，可以再利用说明它用的时间就会长一些，所以另一个选A，它比纸张持续时间长。
教授在解释洗和刮的用于去除parchment表面墨水痕迹的方法时暗示说什么？（1:23）刮和洗分别是removing ink from parchment的两种方法。（1.25）In the late Middle Ages, it was customary to scrape away the surface of the parchment with an abrasive, which completely wiped out any writing that was there. 在中世纪晚期，经常摩擦刮掉parchment表面的文字，可以完全擦出上面写的文字。（1:35）But earlier in the Middle Ages, the original ink was usually removed by washing the used parchment with milk. That removed the ink. But with the passing of time, the original writing might reappear.但是中世纪早期，原有的墨水一般通过用牛奶洗parchment的方式去除，这样去掉墨水，但是随着时间，原来写上去的东西可能会再现。是在说明washing的方式去除墨水没有scrape有效，因为还可能再现。所以答案是B，作为永久去除墨水的方法，washing不如scraping有效。 Archimedes palimpsest 变成了哪一种书？听这一段。（2:21）But in 1998, a book of prayers from the Middle Ages sold in an art auction for a lot of money, more money than anyone would pay for a damaged book from the 12th century. Beautiful or not, why? It had been discovered that the book was a palimpsest, and beneath the surface writing on the manual script laid, guess what? Mathematical theorems and diagrams from Archimedes。重点在a book of prayers.一本祈祷的书（在艺术拍卖上拍卖了很多钱，比一般人愿意给一本12世纪损坏的书出的钱更多，这一段描述的都不用管。why后面是重点）…最后被发现是Archimedes的数学作品。所以答案是C，一本祈祷的书。
老师关于看Archimedes 的文章的多种技术暗示说什么？（4:17）But actually, it was a physicist who came up with a method that was a breakthrough. He realized that the iron in the ancient ink would display if exposed to a certain X-ray imaging method, 一个物理学家想出了突破性的方法。他意识到古代的墨水中含有的铁暴露在一中X射线下可以现实出来。这种方法是突破性的方法说明它是最好有效的一种。所以选D，X射线图像比其他技术有效。
教授关于Archimedes palimpsest 的重要性表示什么。（2,03）Archimedes lived in Greece around 200 BCE, and as you probably know, he's considered one of the greatest Mathematicians who ever lived, 介绍了阿基米德这个人，说他是生活在希
腊的伟大的数学家等等这些不用管，even though , many of his writings had been lost , including what many now think to be his most important work called The Method .Archimedes…even though是转折，提示我们要认真听了，然后她说他的许多作品都丢失了，包括被认为是他最重要的作品的method。这个method是作品的名字吧，阿基米德的羊皮纸指的就是这个作品吧，因为他说（2:54）Then in the 10th century, a scribe made a copy on parchment of some of his texts and diagrams including, as it turns out, The Method .在十世纪，一个抄写员在羊皮纸上抄写了一份他的文章和图表，左后turns out就是method这个书，说明这个阿基米德羊皮纸上的内容就是method，所以答案就选A，它很重要因为包括了阿基米德最重要的作品。
Lecture 2 12. B 13. A.B.E. 14. A 15. A 16. B 17. B
1. 为什么讨论hydrothermal vents的发现？（55秒）First, I ‘d like to talk about some
discoveries that have challenged one of these fundamental assumptions about what you need in order to have a biological community. And, well, there actually were quite a few surpris es. I t all began in 1977 with the exploration of hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor.他说他要讲一下挑战生物群体生存条件的原有假设的发现，是非常吃惊的一个发现，这就是发现hydrothermal vents。说明这是一个例子，挑战原有的观点，选B,现实这个发现怎样挑战了关于生物社区的假设。 2. hydrothermal vents周围的环境的3个让科学家认为不会有有机体生存的特点是
什么。（1分55）First of all, sunlight doesn't reach that far down so it ’ s totally dark. There couldn ’ t be any plant or animal life since there's no sunlight, no source of energy to make food.首先，阳光不能到达那么深的地方，所以它是黑暗的，没有动物植物，没有能量。所以选E，缺乏阳光是一个条件。（2:16）Student 1 And what about the water pressure? 学生问那水压力呢？ Didn ’ t we talk before about how the deeper down into the ocean you go, the greater the pressure? （2:24）Professor Excellent point! And not only the extreme pressure, but also the extreme temperature of the water around these vents.老师说对，不仅仅是压力，还有这些vent周围极端的水温度。这一句告诉我们是不是可以选AB吧，极端的热量和极端的压力。
3. 教授对于研究者对发现在海底的生物社区的反应暗示了什么？（1:05）And, well,
there actually were quite a few surprises. 这其实相当吃惊，这里就说明了研究者对结果是吃惊的，所以没有surprise的两个选项CD可以去掉了。那么到底是对什么吃惊呢？要具体看他们发现了什么。（1:52）Nobody expected there to be any life down there是没有人想到会有生命在海底。所以是A，他们对hydrothermal vents附近的大量有机体生存感到吃惊。
4. Chemosynthesis化学合成在hydrothermal vents的生物社区中的角色是什么？
（3:30）these are chemosynthetic, which means that they get their energy from chemical reactions. How does this work? 先要找到出现这个词的地方吧，他说，这是化学合成，就是通过化学的反应获得能量。那么他怎么工作呢，这个问句告诉我们答案在后面（3:47）this hot water contains a chemical called hydrogen sulfide, and also a gas , carbon dioxide. Now these bacteria actually combine the hydrogen sulfide with the carbon dioxide and this chemical reaction is what produces organic
material which is the food for larger organisms. 他说热水包括一种化学物质叫hydrogen sulfide,这是什么你也不用管，然后还有气体二氧化碳，细菌就把这两种物质，化学物质和气体混合，然后化学反应就产生了作为更大一点的有机体食物的有机材料，理解了这个过程，就可以得知化学合成的作用是产生有机体需要的食物。所以答案是A，它让有机物把hydrogen sulfide转为食物。 5. 为什么教授提到住在tube warm体内的一种细菌。（5:03）These bacteria that live
inside the tube worms, the tube worms provide them with hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. And the bacteria, well the bacteria kind of feed the tube worms through chemosynthesis, remember, that chemical reaction I described earlier.老师是在解释虫给细菌提供hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide，细菌通过前面提到的化学合成的过程给虫喂食。看到4个选项有三个是说举例，而老师这是在解释tube worm怎样通过细菌生存的这个过程，不是在举例，所以三个give an example的选项肯定都不对，所以不用看后面就可以选B 解释什么为tube worm提供用于产生能量的有机材料。
