2002全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题
50. Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare ________.
[A] expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure [B] abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately
[C] farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation [D] bestusedinacontrolledenvironment
Text 3
Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-80,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?
TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.
Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.
Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomic
Outlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies -- towhichheavyindustryhasshifted -- havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.
Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.The
Economist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%.
51. Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis ________.
[A] globalinflation [B] reductioninsupply [C] fastgrowthineconomy [D] Iraq?ssuspensionofexports
52. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif ________.
[A] priceofcruderises
5 / 8
2002全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题
[B] commoditypricesrise [C] consumptionrises [D] oiltaxesrise
53. TheestimatesinEconomic Outlookshowthatinrichcountries ________.
[A] heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive [B] incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilprices [C] manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed [D] oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDP 54. Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat ________.
[A] oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow [B] inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks [C] energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices
[D] thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry 55. Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems ________.
[A] optimistic [B] sensitive [C] gloomy [D] scared
Text 4
TheSupremeCourt?sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.
Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect,” acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects -- agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen -- ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients?pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.
NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.”
GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.“It?slikesurgery,”hesays.“Wedon?tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn?tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou?reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient?ssuicideaslongasyoudon?tintendtheirsuicide.”
Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.
6 / 8
2002全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题
JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt?srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof“ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying”asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.
Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.
Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.“Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,”
totheextentthatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse.”Hesaysmedicallicensingboards“mustmakeitclear…thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension.” 56. Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat ________.
[A] doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients?pain [B] itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives [C] theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide [D] patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide 57. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?
[A] Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients?death.
[B] Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery. [C] TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed. [D] Adoctor?smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.
58. AccordingtotheNAS?sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis ________.
[A] prolongedmedicalprocedures [B] inadequatetreatmentofpain [C] systematicdrugabuse [D] insufficienthospitalcare
59. Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive”(Line3, Paragraph7)?
[A] Bold [B] Harmful [C] Careless [D] Desperate
60. GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey ________.
[A] managetheirpatientsincompetently [B] givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded
7 / 8
2002全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题
[C] reducedrugdosagesfortheirpatients [D] prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients Part B
Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61)One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62)The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63)The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of theenvironment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,however,effectsonceassignedtostatesofmind,feelings,andtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditions,andatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviews,andthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.64)They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning“values.”Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends?65)Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
8 / 8
