7? 例如:Ag(NH3)?2 Kf?1.1?10,Ag(en) Kf?4.70 因为Ag+采取sp杂化,形成Ag(en)+时,螯环中张力存在的缘故。
Practice Exercies:
1.为什么比起[Cu(H2O)4en]2+、[Cu(NH3)2(en)2]2+来,[Cu(en)3]2+特别不稳定?(Cu2+ +
3en lgK1 = 10.72,lgK2 = 9.31,lgK3 = ?1.0)
2.[Cu(H2O)4en]2+的两种几何异构体中,哪一个是主要形式? 2.影响配合物稳定性的因素
(1) 内因:中心体与配体的本身性质
(2) 外因:溶液的酸度、浓度、温度、压强等因素 3.软酸碱理论(Hard and soft acids and bases) (1) 实验事实:
a类金属离子 M(I)、M(II)、Ti4+、Cr3+、Fe3+、Co3+、H+ (碱金属、碱土金属离子、高价态过渡金属离子) 与a类金属离子形成配合物的稳定性
N??P?As?Sb O??S?Se?Te F?Cl?Br?I b类金属离子 Cu+、Ag+、Hg+、Hg2+、Pd2+、Pt2+
(重过渡金属离子,或低氧化态过渡元素离子) 与b类金属离子形成配合物的稳定性
N??P?As?Sb O??S?Se~Te F?Cl?Br?I
根据与a类、b类金属离子形成配合物的稳定性,配体也分成a类、b类。 (2) Pearson建议用―hard‖和―soft‖来描述(a)类和(b)类
Classification of hard and soft acids
Hard Acids Hard Bases
NH3、RNH2、N2H4、H?、Li?、Na?、K?、
Sc、La、Ce、Gd、Lu、Th、3?3?4?3?3?4?Be2?、Mg2?、Ca2?、Sr2?、 2???2?CH3COO?、CO3、NO3、PO3、SO、44?ClO?4、FH2O、OH?、O2?、ROH、R2O、Ti4?、Zr4?、Hf4?、Cl(Ⅲ)、I(Ⅴ)、I(Ⅶ)Borderline Acids Fe2?、Co2?、Ni2?、Cu2?、Zn2?、Rh3?、Ir3?、Ru3?、Os2?、Sn2?、Pb2?、Sb2?Soft Acids
Pd2?、Pt2?、Pt4?、Borderline Bases ?C6H5NH2、C5H5N、N3、N2、2?NO?2、SO3、
Soft Bases
Br?H?、R?、C2H4、C6H6、CN?、 RNC、CO、SCN?、R3P、 (RO)3P、2?R3As、R2S、RSH、S2O3、I? Cu?、Ag?、Au?、Cd2?、Hg?、Hg2?、Br2、Br?、I2、I?
(3) The principle of hard and soft acids and bases
Hard acids prefer to bind to hard bases and soft acids prefer to bind to soft bases. It
should be noted that this statement is not an explanation or a theory, but a simple rule of thumb which enables the user to predict qualitatively the relative stability of acid-base adducts.
(4) Application of HSAB
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a.可以解释自然界中的成矿原因
主族元素的矿物:含氧酸盐、氟化物等 NaAlF6;
过渡元素的矿物:硫化物等 CuFeS2 b.可以判断化合物的稳定性
? 例如:CuCl?2的稳定性小于CuI2,BeF2的稳定性大于BeI2 c.可以判断化学反应的方向
CsI + LiF HgF2 + BeI2
LiI + CsF 反应向左进行 BeF2 + HgI2 反应向右进行
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★ 要注意的是:必须区分酸碱强度与硬软度两种不同概念。
2??e.g. SO3 + HF+ F K = 104 HSO3The stronger soft base, the sulfite ion, can displace the weak hard base, fluoride ion,
from the hard acid, the proton, H+
?2? OH +CH3HgSO3CH3HgOH +SO3 K = 10
The very strong, hard base, hydroxide ion, can displace the weaker soft base, sulfite
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ion, from the soft acid, methyl mercury cation, CH3Hg+.
Nevertheless, if a competitive situation is set up in which both strength and hardness—softness are considered , the hard-soft rule works:
?? CH3HgF + HSO3+ HF K ~ 103 CHHgSO3 soft-hard hard-soft soft-soft hard-hard
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?? Ch3HgOH +HSO3+ H2O K > 107 CH3HgSO3 (5) 缺陷:没有明确的定量标度。
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