铿锵有力的反复(Repetition)
一、定义：
顿挫有力．蕴涵激扬；一唱三叹，情韵悠长
修辞上的“反复”(“重复”Repetition)是英语中重要的修辞手法之一。反复的基本用法是连续或重复使用同一个单词、短语或句子，以增强语气和语势，强调表述的观点，抒发强烈的情感或深刻的道理，增强语言的节奏感。一般讲，作文应避免重复。因为简明才有力量。重复则往往罗嗦、冗繁。而修辞中的反复是有意识的行为，而言语失误中的反复都是无心所为。前者是为了加强语气，增强感染力，后者则令人生厌，当属一种语病。反复这一修辞格运用广泛，古今中外常常出现于诗歌、散文、小说、政论文中，在日常口语里也屡见不鲜、俯拾皆是。
为什么？那是因为重复能反复以同一信号刺激读者、听众的官感，从而有效地表达作者的情感。如极度的痛苦、恼怒和喜悦、强烈的爱和恨，通过重复修辞来表达就显得格外畅快。在阅读前人的讲演时不难发现，讲演家常运用重复手法为自己的演讲造成宏大的气势。善辩的律师们常运用重复来使自己的辩词具有折服人的力量。诗歌、散文则运用重复将作者的感受深植于读者的心田。重复辞格的直接效果就是说服、激励、感染读者听众，引起他们的共鸣。
二、分类
“反复”在英汉双语中均是一个重要的修辞格，因其重复的方式各异，可将之分为许多种。本文拟讨论其中的4种：
(一) 首语重复法 (anaphora）
Anaphora首语重复法，源于拉丁语。作为修辞格它指的是： repetition of a word or words at the beginning of two or more successive verse，clause or sentences (连续的两个或两个以上的词、诗行、从句或句子中起始词语的重复）。首语重复法在结构上和排比格有些相似。只是首语重复更多地注重于音韵方面。有时首语重复法和排比格可以结合起来使用。举例如下：
(1) The man of wisdom is never in two minds; the～of benevolence never worries; the～of carnage is never afraid. 知者不惑，仁者不抚，勇者不惧。
（本句源于孔夫子，在英译时，译者采用了首语重复法，重复使用了the man of使译文显得顿挫有力。）
(2) Idleness is not doing nothing; idleness is being free to do anything. 闲不是什么也不干，而是有空去干任何享情。
(3) I would rather have the affectionate regard of my fellow men than I would have heaps and mines of gold.
我宁可得到人们的深情挚爱，而不愿要黄金成堆。
(4) The more you study, the more you'll find yourself ignorant. 愈学习，愈会发现自己无知。
以上三例在汉译时均未移植首语重复，而只是译出原句的寓意。然而以类似首语重复法的句式来汉译，有时也是可能的。试看下例:
(5) Change is inevitable. In progressive country, change is constant. 变革是不可避免的。在一个进步的国家中，变革是永恒的。
(6) He who will not reason is a bigot; he who cannot is a fool and he who dares not is a slave.
不愿说理是固执；不会说理是傻瓜，不敢说理是奴隶。
(在多数情况下，句式相似不是翻译者考虑的首要因素，他考虑的是准确地译出原文，译文符合汉语习惯。)
(7) The Sovereign has under a constitutional monarch such as the three rights一the right to be consulted，the right to encourage，the right to warn.
在像我们这样的君主立宪制国家里（指英国），君主有三个权利：咨询权、赞助权、警告权。
(8) Young men are finer to invent than to judge, finer for execution than for counsel，fitter for new projects than settled business.
人善于发明，不善于判断；善于实行，不善于协商；喜欢实行新计划而不因循守旧。
(9) Old wood best to burn; old wine best to drink，and old friends best to trust and old authors to read.
老树最好烧，老酒最好喝，老朋友最好信赖，老书最好读。 （译文和原句神形俱似，也算难得。）
(10) Studies serve for delight, for armament, and for ability. 读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。
(11) So many countries' so many customs. 有多少国家，就有多少风俗习惯。
(12) The voice of the people, the voice of God. 人民之声即上帝之声。
(13) Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.
(14) We shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills.
(15) We are now living in a new era, and a new era of reform is always full
of ventures and chances.
(16) Revolution is bloody, revolution is hostile, revolution knows no compromise, revolution overturns and destroys everything that gets in its way.
(17) No great general ever arose out of a nation of cowards; no great statesman or philosopher out of a nation of fools; no great artist out of a nation of materialists; no great dramatist except when the drama was the passion of the people.
(18) Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go hack to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities knowing that someday this situation can and will be changed. Let
us not wallow in the valley of despair. (Martin Luther King; I Have a Drearn)
回到密西西比去吧； 回到阿拉巴马去吧;回到南卡罗来纳去吧；回到佐治亚州去吧；回到露易斯安那去吧；回到我们北方城市中的贫民窟和黑人居住区去吧。要知道，这种情况能够而且将会改变。我们切不要在绝望的深渊里沉沦。
(马丁·路德·金(1922-1968)，美国著名律师和黑人民权运动领袖。1963年他领导了有25万人参加的大游行，进军华盛顿，为黑人争取自由平等和就业。马丁·路德·金在游行集会发表了题为《我有个梦想》的著名演说。他被誉为百年来最具有说服力的演讲家之一。马丁·路德·金在这段演说中运用首语重复，连续六次使用“go back to\，仿佛看到三军统帅向官兵发出战斗号令，语意层层推进，气势磅礴，大有排山倒海之势，充分表达了他为黑人争取自由平等的决心。)
(19) We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, with God's help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke.
(Winston Churchill: Speech on Hitler's Invasion o f the U. S. S. R )
