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独立主格结构
独立主格,首先它是一个\格\只是一个短语，而不是一个\句子\在意思上依附于整个句子。
在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构，
而在这个结构中,没有真正的主语和谓语动词,但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。
一．概念
我们称动作状态实行者为逻辑主语，称该状态为逻辑谓语，在中文翻译上与状语从句没 什么区别。
\独立主格结构\是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式 或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为\独立主 格结构\。 二．功能与特点
\独立主格结构\在句中的功能就相当于一个带有自己主语的状语从句。众所周知非限制 性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限制性 从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结 构。其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句。 特点：
1. 独立主格结构作用相当于一个带有自己主语的状语从句，可表示
时间、 原因、条件、行为方式、伴随状况等，在句中通常起状语作用。有时还可以做定语 。 2. 独立主格结构可置于句首，也可放在句尾。 3. 独立主格结构主要用于书面语。
4. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句中的语法主语不同，不指同一个人或同一事物。
例如:
1) 表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 the meeting being over相当于when the meeting was over
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 her work done相当于when her work was done 2) 表示条件
The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。 the condition being favorable相当于If the condition is favorable 3) 表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。 There being no taxis相当于
Since there was no taxis,He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。as the night was dark and frosty 4) 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。
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(=Almost all metals are good conductors,and silver is the best of all.) 5) 表示补充说明 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。 *注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首， 表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。
三．特点
(1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
(2) 名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词存在逻辑上的主谓关系， 即逻辑主语为动作执行者。
(3) 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。(不绝对)
四．类型:
1:名词(代词)+现在分词
The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后,我们就回家了。
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好,我们就进行比赛。 The monitor being ill, we'd better put the meeting off. 班长病了,我们最好还是延期开会吧。 2:名词(代词)+过去分词
The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The last bus gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。 More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。 3:名词(代词)+不定式
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他 ，他一定会成功的。 4:名词(代词)+介词短语
The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。 A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。
He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。 5:名词(代词)+形容词或副词 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。
She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。 6:There being +名词(代词)
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
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7:It being +名词(代词) It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。
五．例句
1)名词/代词+形容词
The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them. It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open. 2)名词/代词+现在分词
Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。 The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk. 雨停了，他出去散步。
The question having been settled, we wound up the meeting.问题解决之后,我们结束了会议。 3)名词/代词+过去分词
\ Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 这是前两卷，第三卷将于下月问世。
We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. 我们进行了分工，他擦窗户，我扫地。
The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend's. 两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。 4)名词/代词+介词短语
I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand. 我手里拿着剑跟着他爬了进去。 The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。 He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand. 5)名词/代词+副词
Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away. Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking. 6)名词/代词+名词
he fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。 7)with+名词+分词(或形容词、副词、不定式等)
He was asleep with his head on his arms.他枕着自己的胳膊入眠。
With John away,we have got more room.约翰走了，我们得到了更大空间。
六．注意
1. 独立主格与状语从句的转换:当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用 独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:
After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom. 下课后，学生很快离开了课室。
2.不能省略being (having been)的情形:在下列三种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不
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能省略。
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:
It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。 (2) 在There being+名词的结构中。如:
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。 (3) 当独立主格结构中 being done 表示\正在被做时\不可省略。
3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词:在\名词(或代词)+介词短语\构成的独立主格结构中， 一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如:
Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。 比较with的复合结构。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand. 4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式。
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了,我们开始开会.(比较动名词复合结构)。
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