amount of knowledge, which is dedicated to enlightening one’s uninitiated mind. 学校提供了良好的硬件设施、优秀的师资力量、良好的人文环境，为学生的发展和教育提供了很好的环境。
37 Society should identify those children who have special talents and provide training for them at an early age to develop their talents. 社会应该甄别那些天资聪颖的孩子，并且年幼的时候就开始提供训练培养它们的才能。
老题库214 1.
At first blush the statement appears compelling. I agree with the statement insofar as any society that values its own future well-being must be attentive to its children’s talents. 2.
Beyond this concession, however, I disagree with the statement because it seems to recommend that certain children receive special attention at the expense of other children—a recommendation that I find troubling.
1. 不可否认，有些神童的确是在小时候开始培养的。某些领域需要从小开始积累，联系，以后才可能有所成就，比如音乐，体育。例如莫扎特Mozart和贝多芬Beethoven。比如体操gymnastics，小时候身体条件适合练习和培养，长大了就错过时机了。 2判断一个小孩是否有天赋是很难的事情，仅看IQ或者EQ是不能得出结论的。比如Einstein小时候别人就认为他是个普通的小孩，读大学前人们也没看出什么优点，但是没有人否认他是20世纪最伟大的物理学家。而且有些领域如果小孩没有接触到，是不可能发现他有这方面天赋的，比如音乐。而且小孩子所谓的天赋也许只是一时的兴趣造成的，兴趣是会随着时间改变的，也许天赋在其他方面，比如De Broglie小时候在文学literature方面有天赋，但是后来确是在物理上有更大的成就 3.
成就的原因有多种，比如自身努力；即使对这些小孩重点培养了，他们也不一定能够成为科学家，艺术家。Genetic reason固然重要，但是后天的努力是占很大的比例的，Edison就说过，achievement equals to 1% genius plus 99% diligence。所以自身努力是很重要的。更多的大师和有所成就的人是靠自己成年后的努力才得到的，比如Wegner等 4.
其他相关培养只注重于这些小孩特别技能的培养而忽视其他方面比如心理，文化知识的教育，会对他们的成长有损害。他们很可能因此人格有缺陷，这样反而可能对社会带来危害。如果对某一部分孩子进行特殊的培养，就会使得其它孩子产生自卑self-abasement的心里，也不利于其它孩子的发展，毕竟在某方面有天赋的小孩还是少数。
24 The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones. 教育的最佳方式是赞扬积极的行为，忽视消极的行为。
29 The best way to teach—whether as an educator, employer, or parent—is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones. 无论是教育工作者、雇主，还是父母，教育的最佳方法是是赞扬积极的行为，忽视消极的行为。 52 The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones. 教育的最佳方式是赞扬积极的行为，忽视消极的行为。
无论是作为教育者、雇主或者是父母，教育最好的方法就是赞扬积极的行为而无视消极的行为。
The statement overlooks circumstances under which praise might be inappropriate, as well as ignoring the beneficial value of constructive criticism, and sometimes even punishment. 1. 2.
The recommendation that parents, teachers and employers praise positive actions is generally good advice.
While recommending praise for positive actions is fundamentally sound advice, this advice should carry with its certain caveats. 3. 4.
As for ignoring negative actions, I agree that minor peccadilloes can, and in many cases should, be overlooked. At the same time, some measure of constructive criticism and critique, and sometimes even punishment, is appropriate.
赞扬和批评
1． 不可否认表扬好：首先，能够让学生更深刻的认识什么是对的，其次，并产生自豪感和积极性，更愿意学习，教育工作者、
雇主、父母
2． 尽管表演有如此多的优点，过分的表扬也有缺点――纵容，例子：可能停止前进，看不到他人的优点，以为自己最好，自
负、自大。
3． 批评同样在现代教育中有诸多的优点。A）能够让学生了解什么是错误的，下次不再犯同样的错误； B）其次，让学生懂
得损害别人的利益就会受到谴责； C）能够让学生更早的了解挫折的感觉，建立起正确健康的心理 4． 正确的教育方式是批评和表扬要取得平衡
二．学习
33 As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious. 当人们获得越来越多的知识时，事情非但没有变得更加透彻，反而更加复杂神秘。
109 Some people believe that scientific discoveries have given us a much better understanding of the world around us. Others believe that science has revealed to us that the world is infinitely more complex than we ever realized.
有些人认为，科学发现让人们更清楚地认识周围的世界。也有人认为，科学展现给人们一个比我们想象的复杂的多的世界。
可供参考老题库183. As our knowledge of the world accumulates, we arrive at a higher stage of civilization although the world may appear more complex and more mysterious. 1.
The world in the eyes of primitive tribes was much simpler and thus more “comprehensible” in a sense and certainly more backward. 2.
If we compare the known part of the world to the space within a circle, the unknown part of the world around the circle grows as the circle of our knowledge expands. 3.
There is no need to feel frustrated about the increasingly more complex and more mysterious world that we confront because our knowledge in total keeps growing and correspondingly we are becoming better equipped to cope with the problems that emerge. 观点:基本同意
①获得知识越来越多，科技不断的发展，在很多方面方便了人们，简化了事情。几个世纪以来，人们对于自然的认识越来越多，远古时代，人们不知道日食的真正原因，总是提出各种鬼神的解释，而人们现在已经了解到这是地球月亮太阳相对运动造成的。
②然而，另一方面对于自然界的每一个认识又会引发新的问题，让人们感觉好像问题没有变简单，而是越来越复杂。比如：上段所提出的，是由行星的运动产生的。于是科学家又在思考，是什么驱使行星的运动的，他们为什么会运动，由此引发了牛顿万有引力的产生，而牛顿万有引力的发现，又引发了开普勒三大定律的发现，由此看来，似乎科学并没有把人们带向简单，而是引入神秘。
③人类历史也证明了这一点，人类必将是越来越复杂，远古的时候，我们的祖先只知道捕鱼、耕种，过着简单的生活，而现在的我们面临众多的问题：宇宙起源、外星人、核问题等等。
结尾：人类是一种奇怪的生物，勇于探索的人类将会走向一个又一个科学的高峰，相信会揭开所有谜团。
可供参考老题库226―People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience.‖
人们总是错误地认为自己面临的问题要比前人来得更复杂和更具有挑战性。不断增加的知识和经验最终消除这种假象。 1.
The speaker overlooks certain societal problems unique to today’s world, which are complex and challenging in ways unlike any problems that earlier societies ever faced. 2.
However, humans face certain universal and timeless problems, which are neither more nor less complex and challenging for any generation than for preceding ones.
观点：disagree，虽然许多问题比过去改善了，但更多的问题出现了且更为复杂；知识和经验帮助我们使其简单化
1．Admittedly，with the development in society and the advances in technology，many problem has been ameliorated today either in our daily life or in the society.
1.1 生存条件的改善（科技进步对人类的益处）
1.2 社会更文明，种族歧视racial discrimination、不同意识形态的冲突conflicts among ideologies、战争的减少
2．However，the author overlooks certain problems unique to today’s world, which are more complex or challenging than in the past. 2.1 Advancing technology and increasing globalization creates problems in many fields such as politics, military, economics and environment, which are far more complex than in the past.
2.2 For example, growing scarcity of the world’s natural resources自然资源严重匮乏, over population环境污染, over consumption of energy能源危机, nuclear weapons核武器问题, the greenhouse effect 温室效应and other environmental disasters. 3．知识和经验帮助我们解决这些问题
3.1 过去的经验和教训使我们不再重复过去的错误 3.2 科技知识进步帮助我们解决现有问题
105 Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience.
Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes. 结论：相比经验，想象力是更重要的财富。
原因：缺乏经验的人更容易放飞想象，而不受既定的习惯和态度所禁锢。
106 In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge. 在任何职业或学术领域，想象力比知识重要。
126 In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge. 在任何职业或学术领域，想象力比知识重要。
(老题库44)
Without imagination, one can hardly succeed in any field. 1. 2. 3.
Imagination in business is the ability to perceive opportunity. In science, imagination leads to invention and discoveries. Without imagination, there would be no art.
想象力和知识
49 Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own. Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.
结论：相比意见不同的人来说，通常，我们从意见相同的人那里学的更多。 原因：意见不统一会导致压力，阻碍学习。
76 We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own. 相比意见不同的人来说，通常，我们从意见相同的人那里学的更多。
118 We can learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own. 相比意见不同的人来说，我们从意见相同的人那里学的更多。 （老题库1） 1. 2.
Admittedly, under some circumstances disagreement with others can be counterproductive to learning. Disagreement can also inhibit learning when two opponents disagree on fundamental assumptions needed for meaningful discourse and debate.
3. However, it is through debate that human knowledge advances whether at the personal, community or global level.
观点：两个claim，分别阐述
1． 对于第一个论断“…”，admittedly，意见一致可以学到许多东西。A）意见一致可以很好的谈到一起，交流顺畅，达成共
识，共同进步；持有相同观点的人，可以给我们精神上的鼓励、技术性的合作。恩格斯、马克思有着共同的追求、立场，他们伟大的友谊，相互帮助； B）即使意见一致，但知识丰富程度、教育水平、理解问题的深度也会不同，比如教授和学生，可以相互学习。
2． However，从意见相悖者那里可以学到更多的东西。A）补充自己的观点（也许从未考虑过的角度），是自己的认识更全面；
B）找到自身的缺点flaws and foibles； C）例：社会主义借鉴资本主义的市场经济，找到计划经济的问题所在。 3． 对于第二个论断，虽然意见分歧会产生压力，但并不代表会阻碍学习，反而会起到促进作用。A）分歧促使一个人对自身
的认识进行深入的分析与研究，使其对某一事物的认识更全面和清晰； B）正是这种压力促进了人类的进步，社会的发展，促使我们学习更多的东西，无论是我们能支持的还是反对的。
131 Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.
Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty. 结论：科研人员不应该仅仅将研究工作限制在容易在短期内有实际应用的领域。 原因：不可能肯定地预测一系列研究带来的结果。
可供参考老题库179. \really want to attain is not knowledge, but certainty. Gaining real knowledge requires taking risks and keeping the mind open--but most people prefer to be reassured rather than to learn the complex and often unsettling truth about anything.\
大多人真正想要得到的不是知识而是结论。获得真正的知识需要冒险和不停歇的思考----但是大多数人更愿意获得确定的答案而不是去学习复杂而不确定的真理。 1. 2.
Only after we have gained real knowledge can we be competent for a better comprehension of the world.
People’s unremitting pursuit of knowledge is not for the sake of knowledge, but largely for the sake of their settled life goals and acquiring a degree of certainty about their goals. 独立思考
1． 人们与生俱来就有对于未知的恐惧，渴望确定的东西。比如很多人对于黑暗的恐惧，总是认为在黑暗中有个什么东西，所
以夜晚人们总是喜欢开着灯，让一切都很明了。古时候对于日食的不清楚，总认为世界末日来了，太阳被妖怪吃了。现代由此产生了保险公司，将可能的意外转化成了可能的赔偿金额，转化为确定的东西。所以历史和现在的经验都告诉我们，大多数人喜欢确定的东西，对于未知的不确定的东西有着恐惧。
2． 然而，学习的过程，正是打破未知，把不确定的东西转变为确定的东西的过程，从而可以控制自己的命运。气象学家研究
天气发布天气预报，方便人们旅游出行，经济学家预测股市，对于过去一年经济市场的整体观察，指导人们的投资，都将不确定的因素转变成了确定的东西。所以从此来讲，人们获取知识、研究的目的确实是获得确定的东西。
3． 但是人们不能因为对于未知的恐惧，不安心而停止学习和研究。现在还不能预测地震以及与之相关的海啸，所以科学家们
都在积极研究这些领域，而如果人们停止手中的研究，人民只会一次又一次的被地震海啸所困扰，家破人亡。所以科学的探索永远不会止步，人类还面临着许多其他问题，疾病等等。对于未知的恐惧会让我们继续探索，虽然我们不喜欢探索，喜欢确定的东西。
48 Educators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. 学生应该先学习有助于解释知识的理念、趋势和概念后，教育工作者再教学生知识。(老题库28)
