9)嗨，谁会想得到呀! Well, who would have thought it?
10)呀呀，怎么会有这样的事情? Well，well, how can that be?
类似的还有Oh dear，dear me ( 嗨，天哪! 表示惊讶)、why ( 嗨，表示惊奇和换口气)、Oh lord (嗬!)、Now ( 喂! 表示请求、埋怨、不耐烦、诧异等)、Come (喂!)、Shame (真羞耻啊!)等。
五、连词的处理
汉语连词英译的情况比较复杂，这主要是因为英语中表示转折、条件、因 果、并列、假设关系的方式很多。这里只简单介绍较为特殊的几种情况。
1. 译成关系从句
适当地使用从句来表示转折、假设、条件等关系，可以使译文更顺畅。
1)如果不劳动，就没饭可吃。He who does not work, shall not eat. 2)无论成不成，后天一定告诉你。Whatever the outcome is, I?ll let you know
the day after tomorrow.
3)他们用三个月就把这座桥建成了，可那时大家都认为需要一年时间。
They built the bridge in three months when everyone thought it would take a year.
4)由于实力差别悬殊，整场比赛中中国队自始至终信心十足，而日本队
则显得斗志不高。There is a considerable gap in actual strength between the Chinese team and the Japanese team. Accordingly, the former was confident of winning all the time, which the latter seldom was.
2. 译成and引导的并列句
连词and在英语中的使用频率非常高，它可以表示因果、条件、目的、让步、对比、同位、承上启下等关系。因此汉语中的许多连词都可以用and来表示。
1)我虽然多次劝说过他，却无法使他勤奋起来。I cannot make him work
hard, and I have repeatedly counseled him to do so.
2)我告诉他该走了，他就匆匆忙忙地走了。I told him it was time to go and
he hurried away.
3)看看我们的村子，你就会知道这五年来发生了多大的变化。Take a look
at our village, and you will see what changes these five years have brought about.
3. 译成what if虚拟语气或其他句型
1)就算她是个母老虎，还能把你吃了? What if she is tiger-like?
2)你如果这样马虎，是要坏事的。Such carelessness would get you into
trouble.
3)若不是他们预见到这一危险，他们就遭到伏击了。Had they not foreseen
the danger, they would have been ambushed.
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4)如果他再勤奋点儿，就会完成任务的。A more diligent man would have
fulfilled the task.
六、“的”字结构的处理
“的”字结构在汉语中是非常普遍的，“的”字作为结构助词通常附着在实词或短语后面，在语法上接近名词的功能，在汉语中可以作主语、宾语，在某些情况下还可以充当谓语。我们一般采用下列途径来翻译“的”字结构。 1. 隐含法
1)古老的文明ancient civilization（在“形容词／修饰性短语+的+中心词”的结构中，通常将“的”字隐去，译成英语后形容词通常前置，而修饰性短语通常转化为后置定语从句）
2)要考虑的问题problem that requires consideration (同上)
3)这件事我是知道的。True, I know about this matter. (位于某一陈述的后
面表示确定)
4)熊猫一般是不吃肉的。As a rule, pandas don?t eat meat. (同上)
5)大星期天的，怎么不出去玩玩儿? Why don?t you go out and have a good
time, today being Sunday. (当“的”字对前面部分进行强调时，“的”也可以隐去不翻译，并将前面部分用适当的词汇手段或句型表达出来)
6)是老马发的言，我可没吭气儿。It was Lao Ma who spoke at the meeting.
I didn?t say anything. (同上)
7)她是上个月结的婚。It was last month that she got married. (同上)
2. 对应还原法
就是将“的”所指原文中的人和物或对应的语法成分用名词、介词、短语、动词等表示出来。
1)今天是我做的东。It is my treat today. (表所属关系，还原成物主代词) 2)这张票是我的，那张票是你的。This ticket is mine while that one is yours.
(表示省略，代替前面提到的东西，还原成名词性物主代词)
3)这出戏刘洪的主角，王山的配角。Liu Hong is the leading man in the play
while Wang Shan plays a supporting role. (还原成动词)
4)那个教书的是我同学的爸爸。That teacher is the father of my classmate?s.
(表示类别，还原成相应的名词)
5)吃的、穿的、用的都不缺。We have no shortage of food, clothing or any
other daily necessities. (同上)
6)破铜烂铁的，他捡来一大筐。He picked up a basketful of scrap iron and
stuff. (表示“??等等”，还原成对应的英语短语，如and stuff, and the like, or that等)
7)钢笔、本子的都放在书包里。Put into your satchel pens, exercise books
and the like. (同上)
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8)两元的五元，共七元。Two yuan plus five yuan is seven yuan. (接在两个
数字之间)
3. 补译法
就是将原文中省略的部分补充全面。例如：
1)实现“四化”最需要的就是全心全意为党工作的无私的、胸怀远大的
好党员。 What are needed in the realization of the Four Modernizations are more unselfish, generous, unstinting party members for the Party. (适当增补代词)
2)发光的未必都是金子。All that glisters is not gold. (同上)
3)我买了一斤红枣，有好的，也有坏的。I?ve bought one jin of dates, some good，some not so good. (同上)
4)说的说，笑的笑。Some talk while others laugh. (表示对比，将省略的部
分补译出来)
5)大的大，小的小。The big ones are too big while the small ones are too
small. (同上)
第二章 汉语句子本方法
第一节汉语句子英译的难点
汉语句子的翻译是个复杂的过程，要处理和注意的问题很多。本节将从下面几个方面来讨论汉语句子翻译中的难点。 一、句子主干的确定
要将汉语句子翻译成英语，确定句子主干是汉语句子翻译的首要步骤。第一步是确定主语，然后是确定谓语。 1.主语的确定
汉语句子在英译时主语是不太容易确定的，这是因为汉语是主题显著的语言，它突出的是主题而非主语，而且汉语主语在形式上也不明显。这就要求我们要善于识别，并在译文中妥善地表现出来。 A. 如果汉语句子的主题与句子的主语一致，那么就直接将汉语中的主语译成英语中的主语。
1)三十多年来我一直没再见过他。I have not seen him for over thirty years. 2)一个星期前我遇上了一件最不可思议的事情。I had the most incredible experience a week ago.
3)他突然发现地毯上有个深色斑点。He suddenly saw a dark stain on the carpet.
B. 如果汉语句子的主题与句子的主语不一致，那么我们就应该将句子的主
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题转化成英语句子的主语。
1)昨天他们表演得很成功。Their performance yesterday was very successful. 2)你问道此书从何而起? What, you may ask, was the origin of this book?
3)必须特别强调我国某些高级政府官员贪污腐化的严重性。Special emphasis must be placed on the gravity of corruption and graft among some high officials in China.
C. 当然，主语的确定并非是绝对的，在许多情况下，同样一个汉语句子，由于侧重点的不同，其译文中主语的选择就可能有多种处理方法，具有一定的灵活性。这就要求我们根据具体情况具体对待。
1)这位母亲很为有个聪明漂亮的女儿而骄傲。The mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter. / The intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes her mother very proud.
2)已经有数千人在持续了一年的内战中丧生。Thousands of people have died in the civil war, which broke out a year ago. / The civil war, which has been going on for a year, has claimed thousands of lives. / The death toll of the civil war, which broke out a year ago，has amounted to several thousand. 3)只有在显微镜下才能看见红血球。A microscope is needed to see red cells. / Red cells can be seen only under the microscope. D. 有时候汉语的句子没有主语，而英语句子一般是不可以没有主语的，那么我们一般要在译文中添加一个主语。这一点将在第二节“汉语无主句的翻译”中详细讨论。
E. 为了防止句子的单调，有时我们可以改换句子的主语。但是随意、无目的地更换主语，反而会干扰读者在阅读中的思路。所以要慎重。
航行中，我们遇到了大风暴，虽然晚到了两天，但平安到达了目的地。到达后，很多朋友在码头迎接我们。The ship reached her port in safety, but two days had elapsed beyond the time when her arrival had been expected as there had been violent storms, and the sea had been very tough, so that progress was difficult, and a crowd of my friends met me at the dock. (该译文的主语变换过多，不如改译成：I arrived safely, though two days late，after a rough and stormy voyage, and was now welcome at the dock by a crowd of friends.)
2.谓语的确定
汉语中的谓语同主语相似，具有开放性，几乎各种词类和语言单位都可以充当汉语句子的谓语，但译成英语时，句子的谓语只能转化成系动词或实义动词。
A. 汉语谓语如果是名词、数词、形容词、介词短语等，译成英语的时候一般要在这些词前面加上连系动词，如be，look，appear，seem，feel，sound，smell，taste等，否则译文句子就不能成立。如“这小姑娘俏”，译成：This young girl is pretty.
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