Unit1
I. Word Study
affection n. a gentle feeling of love and caring
Examples: Every mother has/feels affection toward her children.
He is held in great affection.
affectionate a. He looks at her with affectionate looks. cf: affectation n. 矫饰
affirm v. to declare (usually again) positively; strengthen beliefs, ideas, or feelings Examples: affirm one’s judgment/innocence affirm sth. to sb.
affirm that it is true
affirmative a. affirmative reply/nod/reaction
apply She is applying for a scholarship. Ointment ['??ntm?nt] n. 软膏, 油膏 We should apply what we have learned to practice. a/the fly in the ointment Not all natural laws can apply to human society. 扫兴的人；煞风景的事物 Apply some of this ointment to the swollen part, and the pain will soon be gone.
Capability n. the natural ability, skill, or power that makes you able to do sth. Examples: He has the capabilities of solving/to solve practical problems.
It’s quite above his capabilities.
ability :the power to do sth. well acquired naturally or by learning capacity :ability to hold, contain, or learn faculty: a special ability
He has the ability to do the work, but he’s too lazy and won’t do it. The book is within the reading capacity of young readers. The auditorium has a seating capacity of 300 people. He has a faculty for painting.
Contribute v. a. to join with others in giving help, money, etc. b. to help to cause or produce
Examples: contribute food and clothing for the refugees contribute to the Red Cross
Exercises contribute to one’s health. Drinking contributed to his ruin.
distribute v. to give things to a large number of people; spread sth. over an area
Examples: distribute pictures among children distribute magazines to subscribers
distribute manure over a field (manure [m?'n??, -'nj??] n. 肥料;粪便)
counsel v. (fml.) to advise n. advice; opinion; suggestion counselor n. adviser; lawyer Examples: counsel care in the forthcoming negotiation
He counseled them giving up/to give up the plan.
Distinct a. clearly different or belonging to a different type b. easily seen, understood; plain Examples: Silk is distinct from rayon. They are similar in form but distinct in kind.
There is a distinct improvement in his pronunciation rayon ['re??n].
He is at a distinct a dvantage in the competition n. 人造丝;人造纤维丝 n. distinction ad. Distinctly
distinctive a. serving to mark a difference or make distinct Example: Soldiers wear a distinctive uniform.
endeavore v. (fml.) to try very hard n. (fml.) effort; attempt
Examples: He endeavoreo calm himself down but in vain.
His endeavors to persuade her to go with him failed.
endowment n. a. a quality or ability that someone has naturally
b. money, property, etc. given to provide an income
Examples: They are men of great endowments.
The Oxford and Cambridge colleges have numerous endowments.
endow. a. to possess naturally, be born with b. to give a college, hospital, etc. a large
sum of money that will provide it with an income
Examples: She is endowed with both beauty and brains.
That hospital is privately endowed.
Ethical a.connected with principles of what is right and what is wrong Examples: an ethical principle\\an ethical basis for education
ethnic a. a. of race or the races of mankind b. (colloq.) of a particular cultural group Examples: ethnic clothes/food/music/restaurants
Excessive a. much more than is reasonable or ecessary Examples: excessive rainfall excessive charges excess n. an excess of enthusiasm.
That is a city with a population in excess of two million.
handle v. a. to touch, lift or turn with the hands b. to operate with the hands c. to manage, control or cope with d. to buy and sell Examples: This box contains delicate china. Please handle with care.
This computer is easy to handle. This shop does not handle imported goods. We have to handle the relationship between our two countries carefully.
Inherit v. to receive (genetic characters) from one’s parents Examples: inherit money/estate/title(头衔)
She inherited her mother’s good looks and her father’s bad temper.
n. inheritance 继承 遗留物 继承权 n. heritage（非物质文化）遗产,传统
interpret a. to make clear the meaning of (either in words or by artistic performance)
b. to consider to be the meaning of c. to give an immediate oral translation of
Examples: interpret a difficult passage in a book We interpreted his silence as a refusal.
Will you interpret for the foreign visitors?
n. interpreter口译工作者;口译译员 n. interpretation解释, 说明; 诠释；表演; 演奏
inhibition n. (psych.) a feeling of worry or embarrassment that stops you doing or
saying what you really want to
Example: Wine weakens a person’s inhibitions.
inhibit v. to hinder; to restrain inhibit sb. from doing sth.
involve v. a. to include as a necessary part or result b. to affect
Examples: All reforms involve certain tasks. He was deeply involved in the scandal
The building of the dam involved relocating almost one million people. You have to involve every country in the fight against global warming.
a. involved n. involvement
observe v. a. to see or notice; watch carefully b. to say by way of comment c.遵守 Examples: The accused was observed trying to force the lock of the door.
Some scientists observed that global warming is not necessarily related to human activities. n. observation a. observant善于观察的;观察力敏锐的；严守教规的
occur v. a. to happen b. to come into one’s mind suddenly n. occurrence Examples: Over the years many floods have occurred in that area.
It occurred to him that there was a better way to do it.
I guess it never occurred to him to put aside some money for a rainy day.
perceive v. (fml.) to become aware of, esp. throughthe eyes or the mind Examples: Musicians can perceive small differences in sounds.
He gradually perceived that language and culture can’t be separated.
a. perceptive洞察力强的 adv. perceptively n. perceptiveness洞察力强;敏锐;理解力 a. perceptible可感觉〔感受〕到的,可理解的,可认识的 n. perception
project v. a. to plan\\b. to cause a shadow, an outline, etc. on a surface\\c. to present
sb./sth./yourself to other people in a particular way, esp. one that gives a good impression Examples: project a dam/a new canal project a picture on a screen
project the future roles as men or women
shrink v. a. to make or become smaller, esp. through wetting
b. to move back; show unwillingness to do sth.
Examples: Will this shirt shrink in the wash?\\ Car sales have been shrinking recently.
A shy man shrinks from meeting strangers.
contract v. to make or become smaller or shorter; make or become tighter or narrower Examples: Metals contract as they become cool. (n.合同v.订合同，染上)
contract one’s muscles/the brows(眉)/forehead
II. Phrases and Expressions
be equal to v. to be just as good as; have strength, courage,ability etc. for sth. Examples: Many of our products are equal to the best in the world.
It is ridiculous to think one race is not equal to another because it has a different skin color. He is equal to doing this task.
dawn on/upon v. to begin to appear; grow clear to the mind Cf:It occurs to sb. that… Examples: The truth began to dawn on him. \\It suddenly dawned on me that there was another thing that contributed to their economic success.
drag one’s feet v. (figurative usage) to delay deliberately
Examples:The local authorities are dragging their feet closing these coal mines.
I can understand why they are dragging their feet over this reform. The reason is that it will affect their personal interests.
for certain ad. certainly; definitely; no doubt
Examples: He is probably an accountant. I don’t know for certain.
I can’t say for certain how much this car will cost. It must be in the neighborhood of two hundred thousand yuan.
freedom/free from no longer having sth. you do not want
freedom from taxation freedom of press/speech
Examples: The most important freedom our people should have is the freedom from hunger.
An ideal society is one free from exploitation and oppression
We look forward to a world founded upon essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want… everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear… anywhere in the world. “
—Franklin D. Roosevelt
go through
1) to be passed or approved The Bill did not go through. 2) to be concluded The deal did not go through.
3) to discuss in detail Let’s go through the arguments again.
4) to search The police went through the pockets of the suspected thief. 5) to complete Let’s go through the exercises.
6) to undergo; suffer He seemed to have forgotten all that he had gone through. 7) to consume; use up It did not take Albert very long to go through his inheritance. 8) to continue firmly to the end Knowing full well the difficulties the work involved, they
were still determined to go through with it.
pull through
1)to make sth. or sb. through by pulling
