冠词
一、冠词概述
冠词是一种虚词,不能独立承担一个成分,只能附着在一个名词上,帮助说明其词义。 二、冠词分类
1、 定冠词the(可用在可数名词单、复数及不可数名词前) 2、 不定冠词a/an(只能用于可数名词单数前)
元音音标前用an,辅音音标前用a
例:an island、an umbrella、an apple、an honest man、an hour
a girl、a university、a European city
三、冠词的特指、泛指、类指、专指
泛指:是指首次提到的,不限定的人或事物。
特指:a上文中已提到的人或事物 b被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物 c说话双方所
默认的人或事物 d世界上独一无二的事物
类指:指具有共同性质或典型特征的事物的一个类别。 专指:指类别中的一员或一部分具体事物。
用法具体归纳如下:
泛指一个、每一、任一事物 a(an) 类指(类属的任何一个都具有类属特点”、用“任意一个”、“某一个”所具有的特征来表示一类事物,可用any来代替) 单数名词 特指(a,b,c,d)
the 专指 类指(指整个类属的特点,用于区别于另一个类别。)
特指(a,b,c) the
复数名词和专指
不可数名词泛指人或事物 零冠词
类指(侧重类别中许多个体,全体)
冠词类指的一些实例:
A cobra is a very poisonous snake. 眼镜蛇是非常毒的蛇。(任何一条眼镜蛇,作为蛇
这种爬虫类中的一个实例)
The cobra is dangerous. 眼镜蛇是危险的。(指的是蛇的一种类别,它不同于其他类别,
比如草蛇)
Cobras are dangerous. 眼镜蛇是危险的。(指的是这一类的全体,即具有眼镜蛇特点的
一切蛇)
又如:“马是有用的动物”可以译为: A horse is a useful animal. =The horse is a useful animal. =Horses are useful animals. 猴是一种聪明的动物。
The monkey is a clever animal. = A monkey is a clever animal. =Monkeys are clever animals. 汽车比自行车跑的快。
The car goes faster than the bike. A car goes faster than a bike. Cars go faster than bikes.
注意:虽然不定冠词和定冠词均可连用单数可数名词表示类指,但前者通常强调个体,起泛指作用,其用法相当于any;后者既可强调个体(可与不定冠词互换),也可强调整体(不可与不定冠词互换)。如:
The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct. 老虎有绝种的危险。(此句用定冠词概括整个类
属,不能换成不定冠词)
The elephant is the biggest animal on the land.大象是陆地上最大的动物。 The panda lives only in China.熊猫仅产于中国。 习语:
When the cat is away, the mouse will play.猫儿不在家,老鼠便玩耍。 A barking dog is better than a sleeping lion. 吠犬胜于睡狮。 Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。
Core and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋带来好运。
类指特殊用法1:The+形容词或分词也可表类指(表示一类人或抽象概念)
the wounded伤员 the dying垂死之人 the dead死者 the living生者 the unknow未知的事物 the old/young老人/青年人the deaf/blind/disabled聋子/瞎子/残疾人the beautiful美 the good善 the ugly 丑
例句:Nurses are required to tend the sick and wounded.需要护士来照顾伤病员。
The good in him outweighs the bad.他身上的化点多于缺点。
In a week or two, I’ll among the unemployed.一两周后我将加入失业的大军。
Their aim was to discover the good, the beautiful and the true.他们的目标是发掘真善美。 类指特殊用法2:民族词汇前加the表类指 例句:The Chinese are hard-working.
但是有些民族词汇有两种复数形式,如English/Englishmen, French/Frenchmen等,在这种情况下, the English表类指,the Englishmen即可表类指,也可表泛指。
例句:The French/Frenchmen are romantic.(类指)
The Frenchmen are playing tennis now.(专指)
The English/Englishmen use a knife and fork in their meals.(类指) The Englishmen in the dinning hall are having super now.(专指) 四、不定冠词的基本用法 1、“一个”(意思接近于one)
例句:Rome was not built in a day.罗马不是一天建成的。 I can only carry two at a time.我一次只能拿两个。
There was now not a minute to lose.现在一分钟也不能耽误。
A car is waiting at the gate.有一辆车在门口等着。
He was born in a small village.他出生在一个小村庄里。
A scholar is coming to speak to us. 一位学者将来给我们做报告。 2、几分之一 a/one+序数词
例句:A fifth of the population are young children.五分之一的人口是儿童。 注:表示几分之几时用“基数词+序数词”表达 3、“某一个”(=a certain,仍可译作“一个或一个叫做”)
例句:A Mrs. Green is waiting to see you.一位格林夫人等着见你。
I know a Jack London,but not the famous one.
我认识一位叫杰克伦敦的人,但不是那个著名的杰克伦敦。 4、类指(参见第三部分)
5、特殊用法,表示“the same” 例句:They are of an age.
These two bags are of a size.
6、用在某些专有名词前,表示一种车,一张某人的画像,或具备…特征的人。 例句:The car was a Buick, not a Benz.那辆车是别克,不是奔驰。
He had a Van Gogh in the dinning room.他的餐厅里有一张梵高的画。 He is a Newton of the age.他是这个时代的牛顿。
I wish to become an Edison.我希望成为像爱迪生一样的人。
7、a/an+序数词,表示“又一、再一”而the+序数词,表示排序(具体见定冠词的用法) 例句:Can you give me a second chance?(another chance)能再给我一次机会吗?
The cakes are delicious. He’d like to have a third one because the second one is rather too small.
蛋糕太好吃了,他像再吃一块,因为第二块蛋糕太小了。
8、用于某些不可数抽象名词如knowledge, collection, understanding, feeling等前面,名词后 面加of,使抽象名词具体化为表示某种特性,状态,行为的具体表现形式,常以\(adj.)+ 抽象名词+of\出现 。 例句:One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain a good knowledge of basic word
information.
Belief is a feeling of certainty.信仰就是一种确定的感觉。
To get a thorough understanding of oneself is to gain a correct view of oneself. 彻悟自己,就是正确认识自己。
He has a fine collection ofpaintings.他收集了一些精美的画。
Many people agree thata knowledge of English is a must in international trade today. (英语知识,抽象名词具体化)(固定搭配) Their affair is public knowledge.他们的事情众所周知!(不可数)
You need specialized knowledge to do this job.你需要专业知识来做这项工作。
除此之外,抽象名词具体化的还有:a feeling, a big surprise, a new start, a pleasure等,表示一种…样的人或事
例句:It is a good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them pleasure. 人们喜欢上海世博会给它们的快乐,这是一种不错的感觉 9、一些习惯用法
in a word, in a hurry, take a break, in a way(在某种程度上, 稍稍), have a rest, have a cold, have a fever, it’s a pity, have a good time, make a fire(生火), make a study of sth, keep an eye on(照 看),have a try, have a good/happytime,have a gift/talent for(具备某种天赋), have a word/talk with(和…谈一谈),keep a diary(习惯地记日记), in a hurry, Once in a while(偶尔,有时), once upon a time(从前), at a loss(困惑不解),For a while(暂时), all of a sudden, tell a lie, Do sb a favor,get an education(接受教育), at a distance(在远处,保持一定的距离), Have a population of, a waste of,a collection of,Have/take a rest,get a lift/ride(搭车),go on a diet (节食,减肥), a matter of(大约,…的问题), make a living of(谋生), many a(许多的), as a whole(总的来说,总之), take a pride in(对…感到自豪), with a score of…(比分…) 例句:-Can I get a lift ?能让我搭你的车吗?(=Can you let me ride in your car ?)
-I can give you a lift. 我可以载你一程。
the soldiers make a fire to keep warm.士兵们生火取暖。
The house was burned to the ground by a fire last year.这座房子去年被一把大火烧毁了。
China has a set of legal systems to guarantee citizens' rights to get an education. 中国有一套保障公民受教育权利的法律体系。
I don’t want to have words withyou. I prefer to have a word with you. 我宁愿和你谈一谈,而不愿和你争吵。
China has a rather larger population than Canada. I will be back in a matter of hours. After all, what you have just mentioned is not a matter of life and death.
word表示消息时通常不用冠词,类似的还有man表示人类mankind时不用冠词 Word came that the president would inspect them.有消息称 Man will conquer nature.人类会征服自然。 10、一些特殊句型中的不定冠词 as/so/too + adj + a/an + n
例句:She is as clever a girl as you wish to meet.她是你所希望见到的那样一个聪明的女孩。
This is as large a house as yours.这个房子和你的一样大。
This is too small a box to hold all the things.这个盒子太小了,装不下所有的东西。 how/however + adj + a/an + n感叹句/让步状语从句 例句:How great a mistake you have made!
However clever a student he is, he should follow the teacher’s instructions now. 无论他是一个多么聪明的学生,他现在都应该听老师的话。 Less + adj + a/an + n.不如,较少 No less + a/an + n. 不亚于,不低于
例句:Peter is no less a person as Jack.皮特身份不低于杰克。
He often has less good a dinner when he is alone.他一个人时吃的就不那么好。 Many/such/quite/rather/what + a/an + n.
例句:Many a little makes a mickle.积少成多。

