语思维如何工作的理解方法发生了改变。
2. 推理判断题。题目问：最后一段如何发展？根据最后一段的内容不难看出是将双语和一种语言进行了对比，故选D。
3. 推理判断题。从文中来看，作者既提及了双语的好处，也提到了双语的缺点，如最后一段中的In other words, bilinguals had less insight into their performance than monolinguals.。所以态度应该是“客观的”。
3.【南京、盐城2016～2017学年第一次模拟考试】
C
A little social support from your best buds goes a long way, whether you’re a human or a chimpanzee (黑猩猩). A new study that followed a chimpanzee community in the forests of Uganda has found that quality time with close companions significantly decreased stress hormone levels in the primates — whether they were resting, grooming or facing off against rival groups.
The findings, described this week in the journal Nature Communications, shed light on the physiological effects of close companionship in chimpanzees — and could have implications for human health too.
Researchers have long known that stress can worsen health and raise the risk of early death in humans as well as other social mammals.
“It can have effects on immune function, cardio function, fertility, cognition, and even your mood,” said study coauthor Kevin Langergraber, a primatologist at Arizona State University.
Maintaining close social bonds can help these animals (humans included) reduce some of that stress, potentially minimizing some health risks. But scientists have yet to pin down the exact physiological mechanisms at work.
“Social bonds make you survive and produce better — but how do they do that?” Langergraber said.
To find out, the international team of researchers studied members of the Sonso chimpanzee community in Uganda’s Budongo Forest, a group consisting of 15 males, 35 females and 28 juveniles and infants during the study period from February 2008
5
to July 2010.
Like humans, chimpanzees tend to have besties — bond partners with whom they appear to feel close. The researchers wanted to see whether interactions with these bond partners led to lower stress levels during particularly stressful situations, such as when fighting rival groups, or whether time spent with friends helped lower stress levels more generally, throughout the day.
The scientists observed the chimps perform three types of activities: resting, grooming or quarrelling with other groups of chimps. The researchers kept track of whether the chimps were doing any of these three things with their bond partners or with other chimps in their group.
A team of up to six observers watched the chimps and followed them around to collect urine (尿液) samples. The samples, collected from nine adult male and eight adult female chimps, were tested to see how much of the stress hormone cortisol they contained.
The scientists found that chimpanzees’ levels of urinary cortisol were 23% lower, on average, during the activities when they were with their bond partner. This was especially true for stressful activities, such as the intergroup rivalries, where any chimp on the front line might face physical harm or even death.
The findings in chimpanzees, some of our closest living relatives, could shed light on the role such close social relationships play in human health too, he said. Such friendships may be just as important during good times as bad — though more research needs to be done before any conclusions can be drawn.
“This has interest for a lot of people in a medical context as well,” Langergraber said.
1. The scientists carried out a research into chimpanzee community in Uganda ______. A. to seek evidence of benefits of social bonds from physiological angle B. to uncover whether social bonds make humans survive C. to study how chimps perform three types of activities
D. to train chimps to maintain close social bonds with each other 2. What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 10 refer to?
6
A. Observers.
B. Chimpanzees. D. Bond partners.
C. Urine samples.
3. The chimps’ levels of urinary cortisol decrease most when ______. A. they are with other chimps in their group B. they face the intergroup rivalries with friends C. they perform three different types of activities D. they spend time with friends throughout the day 4. What’s the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To point out stress is harmful to all social mammals. B. To illustrate how chimps control their stress level. C. To urge scientists to do more research into chimpanzees. D. To inform us friendships benefit both chimps and humans. 【答案】ACBD 【分析】
1.细节理解题。定位到第一段第二句“quality time with close companions significantly decreased stress hormone levels in the privates\，研究表明，黑猩猩和亲密同伴之间的陪伴会显著地减少压力荷尔蒙的水平。A选项说从生理视角寻找社会纽带的好处的证据，符合文章。B选项与黑猩猩无关。C选项说研究黑猩猩的活动形式，并不是目的。D选项理解扭曲，并没有训练黑猩猩如何维系这种纽带。
2.词义推测题。6名观察者跟随黑猩猩，收集了成年的9名雄性和8名雌性黑猩猩的尿液标本。能够测试出压力荷尔蒙的正是这些尿液标本。故选C。
3.细节理解题。定位到第11段，urinary cortisol(尿皮质醇)的平均指数是23%，根据“This was especially true for stressful activities, such as the intergroup rivalries”可知在群体间竞争时这个指数降到很低。
4.主旨大意题。根据首尾段，首段说明了该研究的目的是证明黑猩猩间同伴的陪伴是可以减少压力荷尔蒙的，尾段说到在人类环境中也是这样，故选D，提醒我们友谊的好处。
4.【苏州市2017届高三第一次调研测试】
C
Robotic surgery is one thing, but sending a robot inside the body to carry out
7
an operation quite another, which has long been a goal of some researchers to produce tiny robotic devices being capable of traveling through the body to deliver drugs or to make repairs without the need for a single cut, the possibility of which has just got a bit closer.
However, unlike the plot of one film—which featured a microscopic crew and submarine traveling through a scientist's bloodstream—this device could not be inserted into blood vessels(管) because it is too big. While other types of miniature swallowable robots have been developed in the past, their role has mostly been limited to capturing images inside the body. In a presentation this week to the International Conference, Daniela Rus and Shuhei Miyashita of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology described a robot they have developed that can be swallowed and used to collect dangerous objects accidentally taken in.
To test their latest version, Dr Rus and Dr Miyashita designed a robot as a battery hunter, which might seem to be an odd task, but more than 3，500 people in America alone, most of them children, swallow the tiny button cells used in small electronic devices by accident every year. To start with, the researchers created an artificial esophagus(食道) and stomach made out of silicone(硅胶). It was closely modeled on that found in a pig and filled with medical liquid; the robot itself is made from several layers of different materials, including pig intestine(肠) , and contains a little magnet. This is folded up and encased in a 10mm×27mm capsule of ice. Once this reaches the stomach the ice melts and the robot unfolds which is moved and guided with the use of a magnetic field outside the body. In their tests, the robot was able to touch a button battery and draw it with its own magnet, and during dragging it along, the robot could then be directed towards the intestines where it would eventually be gotten rid of through the anus(肛门). After it, the researchers sent in another robot loaded with medication to deliver it to the site of the battery bum to speed up healing.
The artificial stomach being transparent on one side, the researchers were able to see the batteries and visually control the robots. If not, that will require help with the help from imaging system, which will be a bit more of a challenge, but Dr
8
