如incidental damages 附带损害consequential damages 间接损害claim damages for the breach of contract.因违约要损害赔偿金等。
Debenture
释义:debenture的意思是债券,通常指的是无担保债券。如bank debenture 金融债券 bearer debenture 不记名债券 coupon bank debenture 附息票金融债券 customs debenture 海关退税凭单等。
declaration
释义:declaration在法律英语中常用作申报,如customs declaration报关,export declaration出口申报,income tax declaration个税申报等。
delegate
释义:delegate在法律英语中的意思是转让,通常指义务的转让,如:In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter “China”), the consent of the creditors shall be obtained for the delegation of obligations to become effective.根据中华人民共和国(以下称“中国”),义务的转让须取得债权人的同意方可生效。
Discharge
释义:discharge在法律英语中的常用含义有两个: ①履行,侧重于对具体义务的履行,相当于fulfill,如
He discharged his obligations after the call of the creditors。
他在债权人的督促下,才履行了自己的义务。 ②免除,即免除他人的义务或债务。
His liability to pay the loan to the bank was discharged due to his bankruptcy。
他对银行的借款偿还义务因其破产而免除。
从上面两个例子可以看出,discharge的两个含义是截然相反的,因此,我们在理解和翻译它的含义时,应当放到上下文中,不能望文生义。一般来说,如果主语是自己(如例证1),就理解为履行,动作由别人发出(如例证2),则理解为免除。
Discovery
释义:discovery在法律英语中指的不是发现,而是证据的开始,是英美法中审判程序的一个环节,通
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常为evidence discovery,也叫evidence disclosure.
discretion
释义:discretion在法律英语中的意思是裁量权,自由决定权。如Either party may, at its sole discretion, assign the whole or any part of the contract or any benefit or interest in or under the contract, provided a prior notice of the same shall be given to the other party.合同的任何一方都可以自行决定全部或部分转让本合同,或转让本合同项下的利益和权益,但应提前通知合同另一方。
Dissolution
释义:dissolution通常指(公司等)解散,如The JVC becomes bankrupt or is the subject of proceedings for liquidation or dissolution by reason of insolvency or ceases to carry on business or becomes unable to pay its debts as they become due.合营公司破产,或因资不抵债而进入清算程序或解散,或终止其业务,或无力偿付到期债务。
distress
释义:distress在法律英语中的常用意义为扣押物,如abuse the distress滥用扣押物,distress sale扣押物出售等。 draft
释义:draft在法律英语中通常有两个含义,一个是起草,如draft a law起草法律,draft a contract起草合同等。另一个意思是汇票,如承兑汇票也可以是honor a draft,开具汇票可以说是issue a draft等。 due
释义:due 在法律英语中的常用含义为债权债务的到期等,如Upon expiration or termination of this Agreement, Distributor shall immediately cease to be a Supplier distributor and all monies then owed to either party hereunder shall become immediately due and payable notwithstanding any credit terms previously made available to Distributor. 参考译文:本协议到期或终止时,经销商作为“供应方”经销商的身份应立即终止,即使经销商被明确允许赊销付款,双方的欠款也均应即时得到清偿。
effective
释义:effective在法律英语中的常见含义是有效的,生效的,如Notices given by personal delivery shall be deemed effective on the date of personal delivery,provided that receipt shall be acknowledged in writing by the receiving party.在专人送达之日视为生效,但收件方应书面确认已收到通知。
Encumbrance
释义:encumbrance在法律英语中的意思是财产或权利负担,包括担保,租赁,扣押等。如“Encumbrances”include any option,right to acquire,right of preemption,mortgage,charge,pledge,lien,hypothecation, title creation,right of set-off,counterclaim,trust arrangement or other security or any equity or restriction (including any relevant restriction imposed under the relevant law).“权利负担”包括期权、收购权、优先权、抵押、押记、质押、留置、押汇、所有权的产生、抵付权、反诉、信托安排或其他担保、或股权、限制(包括有关法律规定的任何有关限制)。
enforce
释义:enforce在法律英语中的意思是执行,通常指依靠法律的强制力强制执行等。如The failure of either party, in any one or more instances, to enforce any of the terms of this Agreement shall not be construed as a waiver of future enforcement of that or any other term.如果当事人犯下错误并导致本协议对其强制执行了某项条款,则不应被解释为协议放弃了将来对其强制执行此项条款和其它条款的权利。
engagement
释义:engagement的通常含义是从事,在法律英语中的特殊含义是聘用,相当于retain,如
Either party has the right to terminate the engagement by providing written notification to the other party. The engagement shall be deemed terminated once either party has received notice of termination.任何一方都有权在向对方发出书面通知后终止本聘用协议,聘用在另一方收到终止通知后即视为终止。
enter into
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释义:enter into仅仅用在法律英语中,且通常在合同中出现,表示合同的鼎力。如The contract is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B in Shanghai.合同由甲乙双方于上海订立。
entrust
释义:entrust的含义是委托、信托。如entrust loan委托贷款,entrust lease 委托租赁,entrust the property to a fund把财产委托给基金进行管理等。
equity
释义:equity的意思是股权,既不同于股票,也不同于出资,而是股票或出资所代表的权益,如equity interest权益,equity transfer agreement股权转让协议,private equity非上市公司的股权等。 Exclusive
释义:exclusive是法律英语中出现频率较高的一个单词,意思是专有的、独享的,如exclusive agent独家代理商,exclusive jurisdiction专属管辖权,exclusive contract专买或专卖合同,exclusive license排他性许可,exclusive right等。
execute 释义:execute是法律英语中常用也是比较容易出错的单词,通常理解为合同的签订等。如the contract shall take effect upon its execution 合同自签订之日起生效。很多人容易把它理解为执行,这是错误的。但execution的确有执行、履行的意思,如果它与表示一段的时间状语连用,那肯定是执行、履行的意思,如in the course of the execution of the contract在合同履行过程中。
financing 释义:financing的意思是融资,不是金融(finance),也不是形容词经济的(financial),注意把三个单词区分开来。如project financing项目融资,financing manager融资经理,financing decision-making融资决策等。
forthwith 释义:forthwith在法律英语中的含义是立即,马上,相当于immediately,但由于法律英语文体的庄重性,一般不用immediately替换。如During the valid term of this Agreement,if any party changes its address at
any time it shall forthwith notify the other party in writing of such change.在本协议有效期内,若任何一方在任何时候变更其地址,应立即书面通知另一方。
Futures
释义:futures也可以称得上是一个经济词汇,其含义是期货。对于这个单词,比较容易望文生义理解成“未来”,而忽略了其复数形式。这个词的复数形式在法律英语中表示期货,即买卖双方约定在将来某一时间交割的商品或证券、外汇等,如futures sales(期货交易),futures contract(期货合同),futures market(期货市场)等。另外,futures本身单独使用也可以指期货合同。
Grace
释义:grace是法律和经济等专业英语中用的都较多的一个单词,意思是(还款)宽限期,如day of grace, grace period宽限期等。
Hereby 释义:古英语中较为典型的一个,表示“在此,兹”,如we hereby reaches this agreement 我们谨达成如下本协议,With all that stated, we hereby advise as follows通过对以上事实的说明,我们提出如下建议?.
Honor
释义:honor 通常用在票据法中,表示对票据的承兑,如all the instruments to be consistent with one another to be honored所有的票据都要彼此符合才能得到承兑,honor a bill承兑汇票等。
indemnify
释义:indemnify是法律英语尤其是合同中一个常用单词,意思是补偿、赔偿,比compensate(补偿)的含义要广泛。如Each party shall indemnify the other from any and all losses that may arise out of breach by such party of any of the warranties set forth in this Article.一方如果违反其在本条中的任何保证而使另一方发生损失,应向损失方做出赔偿。
infant/minor
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释义:infant的一般含义是婴儿,但在法律英语中表示未成年人,相当于minor.如the contract made by the an infant is voidable in accordance with the Chinese law. information
释义:information也是法律英语中经常用到一个单词,其含义与在普通英语中一样,都是信息,如information right知情权,confidential information保密信息,information disclosure信息披露等固定用法。
infringement
释义:infringement的意思是侵犯、违反,通常指对知识产权等无形资产的侵害,如Distributor shall immediately notify Supplier, upon discovery thereof, of any infringement or potential infringement of Supplier’s interests in the Marks and undertakes to cooperate with Supplier in its efforts to cure such infringement.一旦发现存在侵犯或潜在侵犯供应商的商标权益的行为,经销商应立即通知供应商,并应与供应商通力合作制止此类侵权行为。
issue
释义:issue的意思是签发,如issue an order签发命令,issue a notice签发通知,issue stock发行证券,issue a draft开具汇票等。用作名词时,意思是争点、争议点,即当事人之间关于事实或法律的争议事项,如issue at/in law 法律上的争点,issue of fact事实上的争点等。
joint and several
释义:joint and several是一个常用词组,意思是连带的,如joint and several liability连带责任,又如a warranty,representation,undertaking, indemnity, covenant or agreement on the part of two or more persons binds them jointly and severally.两人或两人以上对其所作的保证、陈述、承诺、赔偿、约定或协议负有连带责任。
Letter
释义:letter是法律英语中常见的一个单词,可以作为信函的意思,如comfort letter 安慰函(政府或公司律师出具的证明公司良好的证明),attorney letter律师函,但更多的时候,letter应当理解为?书,如Engagement letter聘用书,conformation letter确认
书, letter of intent意向书,letter of compliance符合规定证明等。
Liability
释义:liability的意思是责任,通常指因违反法律或合同规定的义务而导致的民事责任。如legal liability法律责任,contractual liability合同责任等。Liability的形容词是liable,通常用在be liable to do 或be liable to sb for sth 结构中,如“Face Amount” means in respect of a BA Instrument, the amount payable to the holder on its maturity, and in respect of a Documentary Credit, the maximum amount which the issuing Person is contingently liable to pay to the Beneficiary.“票面金额”对银行承兑汇票而言,指到期时应付持票人的金额,对跟单信用证而言,指发行人可能应付受益人的最大金额。 Lien
释义:lien是法律英语中的一个专门用于,意思是留置,但有时在法律文件中可能会对其含义作出扩大性的定义,如“Lien” means any mortgage, charge, pledge, hypothecation, security interest, assignment, encumbrance, lien (statutory or otherwise), title retention agreement or arrangement, restrictive covenant or other encumbrance of any nature or any other arrangement or condition that in substance secures payment or performance of an obligation.“留置权”指本质上保证清偿或履行债务的任何抵押、担保、出质、质押、担保物权、让与、债务负担、留置(法定或其它方式的)、保留所有权协议或安排、限制性约定或任何性质的其它债务负担或任何其它安排或条件。
Limitation
释义:limitation的常用含义是限制,如责任限制,可以说是limitation of liability。Limitation在法律英语中的特殊含义是时效,如lapse of limitation已过时效等。
liquidation
释义:liquidation 在法律英语中通常指企业的清算,如If a receiver, manager or other custodian (interim or permanent) of the Collateral or any part thereof is appointed by private instrument or by court order, if
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any execution, winding up, liquidation, sequestration, extent or other process of any court becomes enforceable against of with respect to the Debtor or the Collateral or any part thereof, or if distress or analogous process is made against the Collateral or any part thereof.如果根据私下协议或法院命令,对“担保物”或其任何部分任命了接管人、管理人或其它保管人(暂时或永久的),或如果任何法院对“债务人”或“担保物”或其任何部分的任何执行、倒闭、清算、扣押、扣留或其它处分成为可执行的,或如果对“担保物”或其任何部分提起扣押或类似处分。 list
释义:list在法律英语中通常指股票的上市,如listed company上市公司,listing shares上市股票等。 promotion
释义:promotion在法律英语中指发起(公司)等,是公司设立方式的一种。如there are to ways to incorporate a company limited by shares, one is incorporation by promotion, the other is incorporation by share offering to the public.股份有限公司的设立方式有两种,发起设立和募集设立。
prospectus
释义:prospectus指招股说明书,是公司发行股票并上市的必备文件。如prior to the listing of shares in the stock exchange, the company shall disclose various documents to the public as part of its efforts for information disclosure, one of which is prospectus.股票在证券交易所上市以前,公司作为信息披露的一部分,应当公布各种相关文件,其中之一就是招股说明书。
provided that
释义:provided that 是法律英语中常用的一个词组,意思是但是,相当于but,但一般不能用but替换。如provided that the acceptance of rent by landlord after the expiration of the term of the tenancy hereby created shall not be deemed to operate as a waiver or breach of any of the terms hereof nor as a new periodic tenancy by way of holding over or otherwise . a new tenancy shall only be created by a fresh tenancy agreement in writing signed by the landlord and the

