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and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.
Mies‘s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies‘s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago‘s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city‘s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings‘ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.
The trend toward ―less‖ was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.
The ―Case Study Houses‖ commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the ―less is more‖ trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.
31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans‘ . [A]prosperity and growth
[B]efficiency and practicality [C]restraint and confidence [D]pride and faithfulness
32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus? [A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II. [C]Most American architects used to be associated with it. [D]It had a great influence upon American architecture. 33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design . [A]was related to large space [B]was identified with emptiness
[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration [D]was not associated with efficiency
34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago‘s Lake Shore Drive? [A]They ignored details and proportions.
[B]They were built with materials popular at that time. [C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings. bbs.zqnksw.com 17
早起鸟考试网原创bbs.zqnksw.com
[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.
35. What can we learn about the design of the ―Case Study House‖? [A]Mechanical devices were widely used.
[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration [C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect. [D]Eco-friendly materials were employed. Text 4
Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project‘s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a ―Bermuda triangle‖ of debt, population decline and lower growth.
As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone‘s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Europe‘s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone‘s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country‘s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.
A ―southern‖ camp headed by French wants something different: ‖European economic government‖ within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.
It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world‘s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.
36. The EU is faced with so many problems that . [A] it has more or less lost faith in markets [B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned
[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro bbs.zqnksw.com 18
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[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation
37. The debate over the EU‘s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers . [A] are competing for the leading position [B] are busy handling their own crises
[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization [D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration
38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that . [A] EU funds for poor regions be increased [B] stricter regulations be imposed
[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination [D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed
39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __. ［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds
［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries ［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries ［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds
40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __. ［A］pessimistic ［B］desperate ［C］conceited ［D］hopeful Part B Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
46．Direction：
In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)
Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world‘s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?
Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the ―right‖ answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.
However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make bbs.zqnksw.com 19
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improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.
参考答案
从全球范围来看，有谁会想到IT 行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2%。
许多日常工作对环境造成了令人震惊的破坏。根据每次你搜索并得到正确答案的尝试次数，谷歌会排放0.2至7克的二氧化碳。为了迅速将结果传递给用户，谷歌在全球设置了大量充斥着能量巨大的电脑的数据中心。这些电脑在排放大量二氧化碳的同时，也产生大量的能量。因此，这些数据中心需要良好的空调降温，这又会同时产生大量的能量。
然而，谷歌和其他技术提供商严密检测他们的效果并不断进行改进。监控是减排的第一步，但这仍任重道远，且不仅只由大公司来承担。
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