第一部分 1-22
1. across, through, over, above表示空间的用法及区别 （1）across从表面通过，与on有关 （2）through从内部通过，与in有关
（3）over物体垂直上方，越过，其反义词为under
（4）above物体上方，不一定是正上方，其反义词为above There is a bridge over the river. We can go across it. 2. alive, living, live lively的用法与区别
（1）alive活着的，强调生死之间的界限 the boy was found alive by the roadside. (2) living强调“尚在人间，健在”Is the old man still living? 那个老人还健在吗？ （3）live |laiv|活的，作定语放在名词前，一般不修饰人 Have you seen a live whale? 你看见过活的鲸鱼吗？ （4）lively “活泼，活跃，充满生气的”，用作定语或表语，既可以指人又可以指物 I feel everything here is very lively. 我觉得这儿的一切富有生气。 3. almost, nearly, hardly的用法与区别
（1）almost和nearly意思相近，都表示“几乎”的意思，一般来说almost所表达的程度比nearly更近一些
在7:20时，我们可以说it’s nearly half past seven. 在7:28时，我们可以说it’s almost half past seven.
(2)如果过分夸张的，事实上不可能存在的事物，在这种情况下，只能用almost Our cat understands everything—he’s almost human.
(3) hardly和almost not意思相同，表示几乎不的否定意思，在使用时不能加not She almost never watches TV. = She hardly watches TV. 4. alone, lonely的用法和区别
（1）alone可用作形容词和副词，“单独的，独自的”。只能放在be动词后面和名词前面。 alone=by oneself
I can do it alone. We are alone here. (2)lonely， “孤独的，寂寞的，荒凉的” I never feel lonely because I have many friends. She was alone but not lonely.
He went to the lonely mountain village. 5. also, too, either, as well的用法与区别
（1）also，too用在肯定句中，either用于否定句中
（2）also一般放在行为动词之前，be动词之后；too一般放在句末；either一般用在否定局长，放在句末; as well 在口语中常用，用法同too一样。 I also learn Japanese.
Tom is a student. Mike is a student, too. I don’t like shopping, either. I can sing as well.
6. and和or的用法与区别 （1）and “和，与”，连接两个或两个以上的人或物做主语时，其谓语动词用复数；or “或者，还是”，连接两个或者两个以上的人或物做主语时，其谓语动词遵循就近一致原则。 Lily and Lucy are twin sisters. You or I am going to play football instead of him.
(2)在肯定句中，and连接并列成分，“既?也”；在否定句中or连接并列成分，“既不?也不”。 I like singing and dancing. I don’t like singing or dancing. (3)and和or也可用来连接两个并列句。 and表示“和，而”，or表示“否则，要不然” I went there by bus and he went there by train. Hurry up, or you will be late for school.
7. another, other, others, the other, the others的用法及区别
（1）another一般表示单数，可单独使用，也可接可数名词单数；单独使用时指三个或三个以上不确定范围中的“另一个”。如果后有数词或few修饰时，接可数名词，表示在原有基础上需要“更多数量”的东西。
If this coat doesn’t fit you, you can try another.
There is too much work for me; I need another three days to finish it. (2)other在句中不能单独使用，一般修饰可数名词复数，“另外的一些”，表示泛指 I can’t help you; you can ask other people for help. (3)others表示复数意义“另外的一些人或物”，相当于“other+可数名词复数”，不能做定语。 There are some students on the playground. Some are playing football, others are running. (4)the other指代单数可数名词时，表示两者中的“另一个”或“另一部分”。常用的固定搭配有one?the other?一个，另一个??
There are two bikes over there. One is Tom’s, the other one is Mike’s. (5)the others相当于“the other+可数名词复数” I went to swimming while the others played football.
Some students cleaned the windows, others cleaned the doors, and the others swept the floor. 8. be used to do sth., used to do sth., be/get used to doing sth区别和用法 be used to do sth被动语态，被用于做某事
used to do sth用于一般过去式，过去总是做某事 be/get used to doing sth习惯于做某事
I didn’t use to eat vegetables, but now I get used to eating them. 9. borrow, lend, keep的用法与区别
borrow向别人借，表示借入， borrow sth from sb
lend把?借给某人，表示借出，lend sth. to sb /lend sb sth
keep保持，保存，延续性动词，当表示借某物多长时间时，用keep,不用borrow How long may I keep the book?
10. both?and，not only?but also, neither?nor, either?or用法与区别 both?and表示两者的肯定，谓语动词用复数 not only?but also“不仅?而且?”，表示两者的肯定，谓语动词遵循就近原则。 neither?nor“既不，也不”，表示两者的否定，谓语动词遵循就近原则。 either?or“或者?或者”，表示两个中任选一个，谓语动词遵循就近原则 Not only his parents but also he is learning to speak English. 11. cloth, clothes, clothes, coat, dress区别和用法
cloth布料，指做衣服的材料，如棉布，丝绸，毛料等，不可数名词，谓语动词用单数，但做具体用途的布时，可数名词。 A piece of cloth is spread on the table. Mother covered the table with a blue cloth.
clothes通指衣服，包括上下衣，内外衣，裙等，复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式，不能和表示具体数目的数字连用。
She spent a lot of money on clothes.
clothing衣服的总称，范围比clothes广，除衣服外，还包括鞋帽，手套等，集合名词，只有单数形式
It’s winter. They are all in their warm clothing. coat指外衣，上衣，外套
It’s raining outside. you had better put on your raincoat.
dress指服装，女装，童装，范围较窄，尤指女装，童装，和连衣裙等 I have a red dress.
12. custom, habit用法和区别
custom指传统习俗，风俗 habit指个人的生活习惯
It is the custom in China to eat dumplings during the Spring Festival. It’s easy to get into a bad habit but it’s hard to give it up. 13. dead, death, die,dying的区别和用法
dead形容词，死的，无生命的，表状态，可以和表示时间段的状语连用 He has been dead for two years. death名词，死亡
His death made his family sad for a long time. die动词，死，死亡
We will die without water or air.
dying现在分词，可作形容词，要死了，临死的 He is very ill. I’m afraid he is dying. 14. deal with, do with的区别和用法
两者都表示处理，处置；但是deal with和how连用，do with和what连用 How do you deal with the waste you produce every day? What did you do with the bad boy? 15. discover, invent区别
discover指发现本来已经存在但以前未被发现的事物 Columbus discovered America in 1492. invent指创造前所未有的事物，发明
Edison invented the electric light bulb 电灯泡 16. except, besides的区别和用法 except “除?之外”，不包含在内， besides “除?之外还有”，包含在整体之内的部分 We all went to the park for a picnic last Sunday except Tom, because he had to look after his sick sister at home.
17.family, house, home的用法与区别
family是集体名词，强调家庭整体意义时，谓语动词用单数；在强调家庭里的每个成员时，谓语动词用复数
My family is big. My family are all healthy. house“房子，住宅”，强调居住的房子，不带感情色彩 I hope we will have a large house in the future.
home是指一个人出生和居住的地方，带有感情色彩，有family+house的意义 My home is not far from school.
18. happen, take place, come about的用法及区别
happen，take place都是不及物动词，不能用于被动语态；不可与表示“一段时间”的状语
连用。不同之处：happen往往表示偶然性的，没预料到的事情的发生，happen to do sth碰巧做某事，sth happen to do sb.某事发生在某人身上；take place 表示必然性的发生或指布置好或策划好的发生
I happened to be out when he called that day. What happened to you last Monday?
The wedding ceremony took place last week. come about发生，一般与how搭配使用 How did the differences come about? 19. high, tall的用法与区别
high强调高于地面之上的垂直高度或者抽象意义的高，如高价，高速，反义词是low tall常指长度，高度，常用来指人或动物，反义词是short The price of the coat is too high. My brother is taller than me. 20.hope, wish的用法及区别
hope表达主语希望某人做某事，后面接that从句，短语有hope to do sth希望做某事 I hope that you can get well soon. wish常用在不可能实现的愿望上，后面接that从句常用虚拟语气，常用短语wish sb to sth,wish to do sth
I hope that you can get well soon. I wish I could go into space some day. I wish you to get a good result.
21. how many, how much, how often ,how long, how soon的用法及区别 how many后接可数名词复数，对数量多少的提问
how much后接不可数名词，对数量大小及金额多少的提问
how often对动作发生的次数提问，频率，有时可与how many times互换 how long是对时间多长的提问
how soon对表示“要过多久，要到什么时候”等意义的时间状语提问。 How many students are there in your class? How much time do you want?
How often do you go to visit your grandmother? How long have you lived here? How soon will he be back?
22. huge, large, big, great的用法与区别
huge巨大庞大的，反义词是tiny，除去表示数量体积之外，还可以表示程度很高 a huge success
large大的，反义词是small，多指面积大 China is a large country.
big大的，反义词是little/small，多指面积大，还有巨大重大的意义 He is a big man.
great巨大的伟大的，多指抽象程度 He had made great progress.
