People normally have in their minds stereotypes about people who are different from themselves. Stereotypes are based on limited and incomplete experience and information, but they shape people's thoughts and expectations. Americans have many stereotypes about foreign students in general (for example, that they are very hard working, intelligent, and rich; that they do not speak English well) and about particular categories of foreign students (Chinese are polite and good at mathematics, for example, or Italians are emotional). And foreign students have their own stereotypes of Americans, for example, that they are arrogant, rude, and generous.
There are two stereotypes that often effect male-female relationships involving U.S. and foreign students. The first is the idea, held by some foreign males, that American females are invariably willing, if not anxious, to have sex. The second common stereotype, held by some American females, is that male foreign students have no interest in American females other than having sex with them. The existence of these and other stereotypes can give rise to considerable misunderstanding and can block the development of a mutually satisfactory relationship between particular individuals. Stereotypes seem unavoidable, given the way the human mind seeks to categorize and classify information, so it is not realistic to suppose people can \their stereotypes\aware of their stereotypes, and be ready to find exceptions to them. 36. Concerning friendship, Americans ______ A. look for a deeper relationship in a close circle B. avoid deep relationship with other people
C. are friendly at first but do not remain so later on D. do not make good friends
37. The word \ A. separate in categories B. treat differently C. evaluate accordingly D. judge fairly
38. The author's attitude toward the American type of friendship seems to be ______ A. approving B. critical C. biased D. objective
39. According to the author, stereotypes concerning male-female relationships involving U. S. and foreign students are __
A. helpful B. meaningless C. harmful D. useless 40. According to the author, stereotypes seem unavoidable because ______ A. it is natural to have them B. it is easy to find exceptions C. they provide better understanding D. they contribute to friendship
Passage Three
In The Birth Order Book Why You Are the Way You Are (2004), Dr. Kevin Leman notes that 21 of the first 23 Americans in space were first-born males or only children. More than half of United States presidents have been first-borns or first-born boys. It's a pretty significant finding historically, because families used to be bigger than they are today.
In addition to being high achievers, older children also generally have higher IQs (智商) than younger ones. Researchers have noted that the more kids a family has, the lower each child's individual IQ tends to be. They give a few reasons for this.
Parents only have so much time, attention, and money. The more kids they have, the more these things are divided. First-borns initially get the entire parental-time pie. What's more, the ratio of grown-ups to kids decreases with each new baby. So the younger ones are surrounded by more children's language on average than the older kids. Some researchers think parental attention is the key to personality birth-order differences. In his book Born to Rebel, psychologist Frank Sulloway says competition for Mom and Dad's attention is the thing that really shapes our personalities and, in fact has shaped history. He argues that we adapt our personalities as part of our strategy to seek favor from Mom and Dad. Younger siblings (兄弟姐妹) tend to become rebels. Sulloway studied political
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activists and found that later-born activists were more radical than their first-born peers.
The conclusion of his book is that sibling competition for parental attention can affect society as a whole in times of revolution. Thomas Jefferson, Karl Marx, and Fidel Castro were all younger siblings, for example.
As compelling as this all is, it's also something we should probably take with caution, there are other things that happen to us in life besides the addition of siblings to our families. A parent can die; a hurricane can leave us homeless; we can catch a life-threatening disease. Any one of these things will probably have more of an effect on our personalities than the presence of siblings.
A 2002 study bore this out. After interviewing 535 undergraduates, researchers concluded that personality differences related to birth order were \by research.
41. What is implied by \older kids\
A. Younger children need parental rather than siblings' attention. B. Younger children need siblings' rather than parental attention. C. Younger children feel uncomfortable with more siblings. D. Younger children have less chance to talk with their parents.
42. Sulloway, author of Born to Rebel, suggests that younger siblings ______ A. try hard to get attention from their parents B. are less likely to shape history
C. are winners in getting parental attention D. seldom adapt their personalities
43. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor shaping personality? A. Death of a parent. B. Children's language. C. A natural disaster. D. A fatal disease. 44. What is the meaning of \
A. Traditional customs and beliefs. B. Verified hypotheses.
C. Widely held unsupported notions. D. Tales of sayings preserved orally.
45. Which of the following statements is proposed by researchers? A. Later-borns do not compete for attention. B. First-borns tend to become rebels. C. Later-borns are prone to diseases.
D. First-borns achieve more than younger ones.
Passage Four
Does money buy happiness? It's sometimes said that scientists have found no relationship between money and happiness, but that's myth, says University of Illinois psychologist Ed Diener.
The connection is complex. In fact, very rich people rate substantially higher in satisfaction with life than very poor people do, even within wealthy nations, he says. \happiness,\how strong the effect is.
Oswald recently reported a study of Britons who won between ＄ 2,000 and ＄ 250,000 in a lottery (彩票拍奖). As a group, they showed a boost in happiness averaging a bit more than one point on a 36-point scale when surveyed two years after their win, compared to their levels two years before they won.
Daniel Kahnman, a Nobel-Prize winner and Princeton economist, and colleagues, recently declared that the notion that making a lot of money will produce good overall mood is \study, members of the high-income group were almost twice as likely to call themselves \from households with incomes below ＄ 20,000. But other studies, rather than asking for a summary estimate of
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happiness, follow people through the day and repeatedly record their feeling. These studies show less effect of income on happiness. Kahneman and colleagues said.
There is still another twist to the money-happiness story. Even though people who make＄150,000 are considerably happier than those who make ＄ 40,000, It's not clear why, says psychologist Richard E. Lucas of Michigan State University.
Researchers conclude that any effect of money on happiness is smaller than most daydreamers assume. \exaggerate how much happiness is bought by an extra few thousand,\Oswald said. \quality of relationships has a far bigger effect than quite large rises in salary. It's much better advice, if you're looking for happiness in life, try to find the right husband or wife than to try to double your salary.\ 46. The main purpose of this passage is to discuss ______ A. the contributions of household incomes to happiness B. the complex relationship between money and happiness C. the positive relationship between money and happiness D. the negative relations of money to happiness 47. Andrew Oswald's study ______
A. proves money has little effect on happiness B. given evidence that money buys happiness C. rejects the relation between money buys happiness D. shows that lottery brings people happiness
48. The word \
A. dramatic B. ordinary C. drastic D. imaginary 49. According to Lucas, richer people's happiness ______ A. comes form their high income
B. may not be directly related to their high income C. is boosted by their high income
D. is not derived from their high income
50. According to Oswald, a more important factor in bringing about happiness may be good ______ A. health B. feelings C. marriage D. salaries
Passage Five
When Frank Dale took over as publisher of Los Angeles Herrald-Examiner, the organization had just ended a ten-year strike. There was much bitterness and, as he told us. \they'd lost their cutting edge, there was no interest, they just hung on...I had a real problem.\was to introduce himself to everybody, to thank them for their loyalty to that point, and to allow them to express their concerns and frustrations. To questions like \makes you think you can make this thing go?\he responded, \don't know yet, but in thirty days I’ll come back to you and let you know what I've found.\He recruited a task force of the best people from throughout the Hearst Corporation to do a crash study, and in thirty days he had a written report on what needed to be done, which he shared with the staff. He had taken the all-important first steps to establish mutual trust, without which leadership would not have been possible.
Trust is the emotional glue that binds followers and leaders together. The accumulation of trust is a measure of the legitimacy of leadership. It cannot be demanded or purchased; it must be earned. Trust is the basic ingredient of all organizations, the lubrication that maintains the organization, and it is as mysterious and difficult a concept as leadership-and as important.
One thing we can say for sure about trust is that if trust is to be generated, there must be predictability, the capacity to predict another's behavior. Another way of putting it is to say that organizations without trust would resemble the ambiguous nightmare of Kafka's The Castle, where nothing can be certain and nobody can be relied on or be held responsible. The ability to predict outcomes with s high probability of success generates and maintaining trust.
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51. What was Frank Date's problem when he became the publisher of Los Angeles Herrald-Examiner?
A. He had lost interest in his publishing career. B. He found it hard to introduce himself to everyone.
C. Los Angeles Herrald-Examiner was in extreme difficulty. D. Los Angeles Herrald-Examiner was on a ten-year strike. 52. What was the result of Frank Dale's first steps?
A. Mutual trust was established. B. Efficiency was improved. C. A task force was recruited. D. His promises were fulfilled. 53. According to the author, how could trust be established?
A. By economic means. B. By legitimate measures. C. By authoritative command. D. By effort or action. 54. What does the author think about trust?
A. It is hard to accumulate. B. It can make organizations go. C. It can help establish authority. D. It is relatively easy to acquire. 55. For what purpose is Kafka's The Castle mentioned? A. To show people's behaviors are predictable. B. To describe the nightmare of the story. C. To demonstrate the importance of trust. D. To prove no one can be relied on.
Part Ⅳ Cloze (15 minutes, 15 points, I for each)
Directions: In this part, there is a passage with 15 blanks. For each blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.
The process of gaining or losing weight can be explained by comparing your body to your car. Both run (56) fuel, food for your body and gasoline for your car. Both (57) that fuel, first into heat, then energy, some of (58) is used to do work, and some emitted as waste. And (59) your car uses more energy when the engine is racing than when it is idling, (60) does your body use more energy when you are working hard than (61) you are resting.
For the purpose of this comparison, (62) , there is one significant difference between them. Your car cannot store fuel by turning it into (63) else; all gasoline not (64) remains as gasoline. But your body stores (65) energy as fat. When the gas tank is (66) empty, the car won't run; but your body can burn fat to provide more energy.
Therefore, if you want to gain weight, you must do (67) of two things: eat more calories (units of heat, therefore energy), or use less through (68) . If you want to lose weight, you do the (69) , decrease your intake of calories or increase the amount of energy you spend. There is (70) way. Gaining or losing weight is always a relation between intake and output of potential energy.
56. A. in B. on C. for D. against 57. A. convert B. use C. for D. burn
58. A. what B. which C. it D. them 59. A. whereas B. although C. just because D. just as 60. A. as B. so C. why D. how 61. A. that B. since C. when D. where 62. A. however B. therefore C. moreover D. likewise 63. A. everything B. nothing C. something D. anything 64. A. filled B. wasted C. saved D. consumed 65. A. useless B. enough C. excess D. extensive
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