Chapter 1 Basic concepts of words and vocabulary
The Nature and Scope of English lexicology：English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.
The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to：English Lexicology is correlatedwith such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学) 2 声音和意义Sound and Meaning: symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional.A dog is called a dog not because
the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question.
E.g. ―woman‖ means ‘Frau‘ in German， ‘Femme‘ in French and ‘Funv ‘in Chinese. On the other hand，
the same sound /rait/ can mean right， rite and write， though denoting different things， yet have the samesound.
(At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns） Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因
（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other
（2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years （3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes
（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary
Classification of English Words：
By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By notion:content words实义词 &functional words功能词 By origin:native words&borrowed words
The basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the most important part of vocabulary. The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征):
1)All-National character（全民性most important） 2)Stability（相对稳定性） 3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polysemy（多义性） 5)Collocability（可搭配性）
没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话） (3)slang（俚语） (4)Argot（暗语）
（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）
4-1 基本词汇 The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries
and forms the common core of the language. Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important part of it. These words have obvious characteristics.（5特点）
1 全民性All national character. Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and
phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the languageNatural phenomena/Human body and relations/Names of plants and animals/Action, size, domain, state/Numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions
6-1 本族语词Native words - native words have two other features:1-Neutral in style. they are not
stylistically specific. Stylistically, natives words are neither formal nor informal whereas the words borrowed from French or Latin are literary and learned, thus appropiate in formal style.2-Frequent in use.Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech and writing. 6-2 外来语词 borrowed words or loan words or borrowings
6-2-1 同化词denizens 6-2-2 非同化词Aliens 6-2-3 译借词translation-loans 6-2-4 借义词Semantic-loans.
功能词和实义词区别. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.
Functional words are in a small number. b. Content words are growing. Functional words remain stable.
c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.
.Chapter 2 The development of the English vocabulary The Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系)
The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages（8大印欧语群） The Eastern set:
（1）The Balto-slavic Group（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czech etc. （2）The Indo-Iranian Group（印度-伊朗语族）：Hindi,Bengali,Persian etc. (3)The Armenian Group（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian. (4)The Albanian Group（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian. The Western set:
(5)The Hellenic Group（古希腊语族）：Greek.
(6)The Italian Group（意大利语族）：Latin ,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish,portuguese,Romanian) etc.
(7)The Celtic Group（凯尔特语族）：Irish,Welsh,Breton etc.
(8)The Germanic Group（日耳曼语族）：
Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic) etc.
The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary:
1 Old English (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000):was high inflected language. The 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts凯尔特， the language was Celtic. The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions.
The Germanic tribes called angles盎格鲁， Saxons撒克逊 and Jutes 朱特人and their language，Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English.
At the end of 6th century， the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the Englishvocabulary.
The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words.
In the 9th century， many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words ofScandinavian are in modern English， our daily life and speech. 特点： highly inflected language
complex endings or vowel changes （full ending）
2 Middle English (1150-1500):retaines much fewer inflections
Until 1066， although there were borrowings from Latin， the influence on English was mainlyGermanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. By the end of the 13th century， English gradually come back into public areas.
Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use today.
As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English. 特点： fewer inflections
leveled ending
3 Modern English (1500-up to now): in fact more than 25% of modern E words come almost directlyfrom classical languages. In Modern E, words endings were mostly lost with just a few expections.Englishhas evolved from a synthetic language(Old English) to the present analytic language.
The Renaissance， Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world‘s great literary heritage.
The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization， British
tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe， thus enabling English to absorb wordsfrom all major languages of the world.
After World War II， many new words have been created to express new ideas， inventions andscientific achievements.
More words are created by means of word-formation.
thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions， andscientific achievements.
more words are created by means of word-formation.
in modern English， word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved
from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.
science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-styleconstitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .
mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use. 特点： ending are almost lost.
2 词汇的发展原因Three main sources of new words: 1the rapid development of modern science and technology(45%); 2 life-style constitute (24%);
3the influence of social and economic terms(11%).
2 发展方式Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semanticchange, borrowing.
2-3 借词Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularly in earlier
times. Borrowed words constitute merely six to seven percent of all new worlds. In earlier stages of English, French, Greek and Scandinavian were the major contributiors.
2-4 Reviving archaic or obsolete words(复活古词和废弃词) also contributes to the growth of English
vocabulary though quite insignificant. （Reviving archaic or obsolete恢复古时或已不用的）
French 30%， Latin 8%， Japanese Italian 7%， Spanish 6%， German Greek 5%， Russian Yiddish犹太人使用的 4%
Chapter 3 Word fomation Ⅰ
Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. Theyare actual spoken , minimal carriers of meaning. The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to aphone.
