在这种情况下，每张图的标准部件可由生成宏指令自动生成，这些宏指令只不过是一组串起来的绘图系统的指令，他们可以作为独立的单元来使用。
4、A CAD/CAM system with piping design applications software can give the user automatic feedback on such characteristics as fluid capacities，material chemistry，stress limitations，and coupling requirement. 用于管路设计的软件cad/cam系统可自动为用户提供以下特性的反馈信息，如液体的容量、材料的化学特性、应力极限和链接要求等。
5、These companies tend to be small,young,and very innovative.Their combined market share is only about 5$,but each company excels in roviding a single,high-quality system to a narrow market segment.
这些工司比较小，年轻，富有创新精神。他们总的市场占有率仅为5%，但是每个公司都擅长为部分市场提供独特的，高品质的系统。
6、The resulting operation sequence is documented on a farm typically referred to as a route sheet.The route sheet is a listing of the production opertaions and associated machine tools for a workpart or assemble. 最终的操作顺序按通常称为工艺卡的形式记录下来。工艺卡就是生产操作的列表，其上列出加工零件或部件所用的机床。 7、There are variations in the level of detail found in route sheets among different companies and industries.In the extreme,process planning is accomplished by releasing the part print to the production shop with the instruction“make to drawing”.Most firms provide a more detail list of steps describing each operation and identifying each work center 各公司和企业的工艺卡的详细程度有差异。在极端情况下，工艺设计仅仅是把写着“按图样要求加工”字样的零件图送到生产车间。大多数工厂有一个详细的步骤表，以说明每项操作极其要点。
8、If an exact match cannot be found between the code numbers in the computer file and the code number for the new part ,the user may search the machine routing file and operation sequence file for for similar parts that could be used to develop the plan for new part. 如果在计算机的文件中找不到与新零件的编码完全相同的码，用户可在机床路径文件和操作顺序文件中查找类似的零件，用它来生产新零件的工艺计划。
9、In Fig7.1 the machine routing file is distinguised from the opration sequence file to emphasize that the machine routing may apply to a range of different part families and code numbers.
图7.1中，机床路径文件与操作顺序文件的区别在于前者强调机床的路径 在一定范围内可适用于不同族的零件和不同编码的零件。
10、This option is basically a specialized word-processithe ng system in which planner selects from a menu of text related to machines and processes.The process plan is assembled from text passages subject to editing for the particular requirements of the new part. 这种方法实际是一个特殊的文字处理系统，设计员从该系统与机床和工艺有关的文本菜单中进行选择。对于有特殊要求的工艺规程便通过编辑相关的文本文件中节段组合而成。
11、Instead,the generative CAPP system synthesizes the design of optimum
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process sequence,based on an analysis of part geometry,material,and other factors which would influence manufacturing decision.
生成的CPP系统融进了最优工艺流程的设计，它是基于零件几何形状、材料和其他可能影响生产决策因素的分析得到的。
Unit8自动化系统
1、so that the system can adapt automatically to changes in parts production, mixes, and levels of output.
因此系统能自动地适应在零件生成、产品的品种组成和输出方面的变化。 2、FMS is a randomly loaded automated system
FMS是一种可随意地指定任务的自动化系统
3、A technology which will help achy eve leaner factories with better response times
一种将帮助精良工厂获得较快的加工时间的技术 4、off-center load 重心偏离支点的载荷
5、Flow to and from the areas that the ASRS is to serve should be kept clean and free of obstructions and waiting to be moved components. 到达或来自ASRS区域的物流应畅通无阻，没有等待被运物件的现象。 6、yield signs 让路标志，只从支路进入干路交通先行的标志。
Unit9 CIM
1、Although CIM encompasses many of the other advanced manufacturing technologies such as computer numerical control (CNC) ,computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)。robotics，and just一in-time delivery (J1T)，it is more than a new technology or a new concept. 尽管CIM包含了许多其他的先进制造技术,如计算机数字控制(CNC),计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造(CAD / CAM),机器人学和及时供货等,但它不仅仅是一种更高层次新技术或新概念。
2、and support them in the field及保障它们的现场使用 3、have instant access to 可以随时使用
4、Such components as design，planning and production have evolved both as processes and in the tools and equipment used to accomplish the processes
像设计、计划、生产等单元部分的研究已在两个方面，即在过程及为执行这些过程所需的工具与设备方面取得了进展。 slide rules 计算尺（作计算用之滑尺）
5、As with any new philosophy that requires major changes to the status quo,CIM is not without problems
正如任何新理念，需要进行重大改变现状，CIM是不是没有问题。
6、Incompatibility summarizes in a word the principal technical problem inhibiting the development of CIM
以一个词“不兼容性”概括出妨碍XIM发展的主要技术问题。
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7、Tradition accouting practics base cost-effectiveness studies on direct labor savings whenever a new approach or new technology is proposed. 传统的成本会计原则，无论什么时候对所提出的新方法或新技术作成本-效益分析评价，总是基点放在能直接节省多少劳动力的问题上。
8、Within the finance element,it is not uncommon to have an automated payroll system, an automated accounts receivable system,and an automated accounts payable system. 在财务管理部分，一般都应包括自动工资报表系统、自动对账系统和自动账务应付系统。
9、??even within the component,much less with the other elements of the CIM wheel.
??连在本部门内部都是如此，更不用说与CIM轮盘图中其他各单元会有什么联系了。 10、This is the component in which a product is engineered,designed,tested through simulation,documented through drawings,specifications,and other documengation tools such as part lists and bills of material.
在（CIM轮盘图的）这一部分，产品通过仿真来制作、设计、和测试：并通过图样、标准和其他文档编辑工具如零件清单和物料清单来形成文件。
11、As a result,not only can this cmpany not network its design functions with other cmponents on the CIM wheel,it cannot even network within the product and process definition component. 结果，这个公司不仅不能将它的设计功能与CIM轮盘图的其他部分联网，而且它甚至无法在产品与工艺定义部分内部进行联网。
12、One of the major goals og this component is to overcome the barriers tha prevent the complete sharing of information betweeen and among components in the wheel.
这部分的主要目标之一就是克服影响CIM轮盘图各部分之间的信息完全共享的障碍。
Unit10 实体制造和网络制造
1、We are at the point of making history, a history that will play a significant role in the future of the people of the world. Changes in general are perceived to be gradual. However, the abrupt and rapid changes we are seeing in the past few years, or to be specific, in the latest scientific and technological advancements, have been so significant that these are going to impact the way we think, we work, we interact and especially the way we manufacture.
我们正处在一个创造历史的时代，这段历史将会在全人类的未来发挥中的的作用。一般说来，一种变化总是让人们慢慢感觉到的。然而，我们在过去的几年里所看到的变化，尤其是在最新科技进步的发展方面所放生的变化是如此突兀而迅速，以至于它们将会对我们的思维、工作、相互交流，特别是制造方式产生巨大的冲击。
2、We as manufacturing researchers have concentrated on manufacturing processes, materials and methods. Though these are still extremely important, it is becoming increasingly apparent that we also need to focus
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on the additional dynamics which is a result of globalization and information explosion.
我们作为从事制造业的研究人员，一直关注的是制造过程、材料和加工方法，虽然这些都很重要，但我们更需要重视由于全球化和信息爆炸在制造过程、材料和加工方法等方面所带来的附加的动态特征，这一点已变得越来越明显。 3、IT is the main source for maintaining global competiteve advantage.This needs a look into revatilizing our manufacturing pracices,reserch and education
信息技术是保持竞争的主要来源，这就需要我们高度关注制造业的生产实践、科学研究与人才培养的发展与振兴。
4、While peforming this task the designers need to consider the current engineeering principles and comunicate with the process planners and manufaturers.Typically all the players and the customer may interact with each other and the customer will be involved with the whole process from design through manufature to delivery. 在完成这一任务的同时，设计师需要考虑一些并行工程的一些原则，还有和工艺设计师与制造人员交换意见。最典型的就是所有这些参与者与用户之间
可以相互交流，用户可以自始至终参与产品从设计、制造到交货的全过程。 5、This formalism is directly viable to be implemented in an object oriented paradigm,and has been successfully used in FMS modeling and control.
这种体系可以在面向目标的模式下直接进行操作执行，它已成功地应用于FMS系统的建模和控制上。
6、The global manufaturing system willl be based on agents.We will have task specific agents which be doing specific tasks. These will not be large expert systems.The whole manufaturing systems will be viewed as society of manufacturing agents.Some dealing with design,some dealing with customers,some with manufacturing,some with control, some with diagnosis,etc.The overall system evolve out of the collective interactions .
全球化制造系统是要通过代理来实现的。我们将有一些面向具体任务的各种代理机构。它们并不是大型专家系统。整个系统可以看作是由各制造代理组成的“协会”。有的搞设计，有的负责同用户沟通，有的从事制造生产，有的进行控制，还有的负责过程诊断等。整个系统都是从一种合作的、相互交流的方式中不断发展和完善起来的。
Unit 11 Rapid Prototyping and manufacturing Technology
1、To substantially shorten the time for developing patterns, and prototypes, some manufacturing enterprises have started to use rapid prototypes(RP)methods for complex patterns making and component prototyping. 为了大大缩短母摸、模具和样件的制作时间，一些制作厂开始利用快速原型制造技术来制作复杂的母模和零部件的原型。
2、They have a common important feature: the prototype part is produced
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