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考研英语长难句课程讲义
课程简介:
1. 内容:考研真题长难句
2. 原因:长难句贯穿完形,阅读,翻译,对写作也有借鉴作用
3. 目标:看得懂长难句(阅读)?会翻译长难句(翻译)?会写长难句(写作) 4. 课时安排:8月份5次课 I.理论+区分主从句
II.翻译技巧与定语从句专题 III.名词性从句专题 IV. 长难句中的并列专题
V. 特殊的长难句(倒装句省略句等)和综合练习
学习方法:
1. 长“难”句难在哪儿?生词+复杂结构(主从/修饰关系) 2. 如何看懂长难句?
两步走:第一步(宏观):分清主句从句
第二步(微观):定位主句和从句内部的修饰成分(定/状语为主) 3. 简单复习语法:
谓语与动词的区别:谓语是句子成分,动词是词性,谓语一定是动词。 定语与状语的区别:定语修饰主语和宾语(名/代),状语修饰动词,形容词和句子
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什么是简单句?
一切复杂句(并列句/复合句/复杂复合句)都是由五种简单句而来:
i.
主语+谓语 My skin burns.
ii. 主语+谓语(系动词)+表语 I am a teacher./You look good. iii. 主语+谓语+直接宾语 I love you.
iv. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 The firm gave Sam a watch. v.
主语+谓语+直接宾语+宾语补足语 You make me happy.
什么是并列句?
一般由并列连词and, but, so, yet连接,或者由“;”连接。各个并列句同等重要且独立存在。 举例: I know you, and/but/so/yet I hate you.
什么是主从复合句? 形容词性从句(定语从句):
从句作定语,修饰名词,代词或整个句子。先行词和关系代词(引导词)。定语从句常见引导词有which, that, who, whose, whom, when, where, as, whereby 例子:A doctor examined the astronauts who returned from space today.
名词性从句:
主要包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句。名称由来根据该从句所做成分而定,从句做主语就叫主语从句,依此类推。名词性从句常见引导词:which, what, who, whom, that, when, where, how
I.表语从句: I am what I am.
II. 主语从句: Whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been brought up.
III. 宾语从句:Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from.
IV. 同位语从句:People who work in offices are frequently referred to as “white-collar workers” for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.
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点播:
发现定语从句和名词性从句的区别了么?名词性从句在主句中做成分(是主句的一部分),而定语从句修饰主句(与主句可以切割开)。
名词性从句中的that在从句中不做成分,只是起连接作用。但定语从句的that在从句中一定做成分。
副词性从句(状语从句):
时间/地点/原因/目的/条件/让步/比较/方式状语从句。状语从句常见引导词:when, while, as, before, after, since, until, where, because, for, so that, in order to, so as to, if, unless, although, though, even if, than, the way等
例子: Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted.
读懂长难句“两步走”
第一步:宏观——分清主句从句
关键:区分主从句关键在于找到谓语(动词),并区分主从句谓语(动词)
技巧:1. 需要学会区分谓语动词与动词的非谓语形式(i.e.不定式,动名词,尤其是过去分词) 2. 区分主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词:顺着该谓语动词往前找,先遇到引导词说明该谓语为从句谓语,先遇到其他谓语(或无谓语也无引导词),则该动词就是主句动词。尤其注意引导词that省略的情况。
3. 将从句圈起来,宏观上确定主句各种成分(五种基本句型之一:主谓宾/表/补语)
第二步:微观——定位句内修饰成分
关键:明确主句和从句各自内部的修饰关系(定语/状语/同位语/插入语) 定语:修饰主语/宾语(名词/代词),紧跟被修饰的中心词 1. 前置定语:形容词/名词 e.g. a great/science book
翻译技巧:一般情况下,前置定语都很短,可以与所修饰的主语/宾语看做一体,翻译的时候也一般不涉及语序的调整。
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2. 后置定语:紧跟所修饰的名词后出现,可以充当后置定语的词和结构包括: 1)形容词短语 a book useful for the future 2)现在分词短语(-ing)a leaf floating on the river
3)过去分词短语(-ed)a picture painted by Picasso;a president privileged to receive the Nobel Peace Prize
4)to do短语(不定式)a way to deal with chronic hunger in Africa 5)介词短语:a plague beyond control/a scar on my heart
技巧:一定要加深对后置定语的理解,因为汉语中不喜欢把定语后置,所以在翻译的时候,一般的处理方法就是:后置定语较短,调结构甩到中心词前面;若定语太长,就将定语变成一个句子,适当地补充/重复主语。其实,所有的后置定语都可以改成一个定语从句,所以后置定语的翻译处理方法同定语从句。
状语:位置不固定,一般在修饰动词和形容词,有时候修饰整个句子。 可以充当状语的词和结构:
1) 副词:看以下两个副词所修饰的对象是什么,翻译时又有什么区别。
I. She sings beautifully.
II. China’s long-term modernizationprogramunderstandably and necessarily focuses on economic growth.
技巧:在翻译单个副词状语的时候,也常常会发现直接将副词翻译成汉语的“**地”加在动词前会很奇怪。这时需要将其以小句的形式补充出来。
Thanks to China’s reform and opening-up policy, millions upon millions of Chinese people have been pulled out of poverty in an unprecedentedly short time of 30 years. 思考下unprecedented这个词怎么翻译比较合适?
2) 介词短语
真题例句:In public, bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles.
3) 过去分词短语:
Founded in 1694, the Bank of England has centuries of experience in dealing with financial trouble.
4) 现在分词短语:
真题例句:Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.
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