Prep.P
Adj.P SVO(A) Adv.P Inf.P P Non- GP
finite Pre.Part.P
VP Past Part. P O SVOO S-clause Nominal P-clause C clauses O-clause
App.-clause A SVOC (Adverbial clause)
(Attributive clause) (Attr) 1 词类(parts of speech) 分清词类至关重要
要学好英语，第一件事就是分清词类。每学一个词都要知道它属于哪个词类，是名词还是动词，这样区分至关重要。各种词类都有自己的特点，只有知道一个词属于哪个词类，才能正确使用它。同时还应弄清各个句子成分应由哪类词来担任，例如：
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主语、宾语多由名词担任：
The success of the play has been a great
encouragement to him. (作主语)
She wished him success. （作宾语） The experiment has succeeded. （作谓语） He is a successful writer. （作定语）He worked successfully. （作状语）
从这些句子中可以看出，不分清词类就寸步难行。
4 同一个词可用作多种词类
同一个词只用作一个词类的情况是相对较少的，多数词都可兼作不同词类，例如：
It is easy to be wise after an event. I will tell them the news after you leave.
A moment after there was a knock at his
door. In after years I became familiar with it.
He again did double work that day.
Jane and Tom won the mixed doubles.
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The price of vegetables has been doubled
because of the weather.
Many things now cost double what they
did a year ago.
In the middle was a round table. She
looked round her in astonishment. The children gathered round to hear the
story. Charles was on his rounds. We round our lips to say oo.
8 句子成分
句子是表达思想的基本单位，就象家庭是社会的基本单位一样。只有完整的句子才能表达完整的思想。句子由单词组成，但组成时要遵循一定的规律，这就是语法。违反了这些规律，语言即不正确，也就不能正确地表达思想。因此，每句话都牵涉到语法。就英语书面语而言，每句话的第一个字母要大写，句末应有句号，若是问句，末尾应加问号。
汉语也有语法，有些地方与英语是相似的，但在更多地方是不同的，在学习过程
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中要注意两种语言的异同。实际上，学习英语的过程，也是一个与母语干扰作斗争的过程。
句子总的说来由两部分构成，即主语与谓语部分。
主语 谓语部分 We are Chinese.
Chinese is our mother tongue. We love our motherland. Everybody is working hard.
具体地讲，句子主要有以下这些成分： （1）主语(Subject, 缩写成S)——是一句话的中心，整句话4谈它的情况。 My sister is a nurse.
Her room is on the fifth floor.
（2）谓语(Predicate, V)——是主语的主要情况，可表示动作，也可表示状态。 She works in a hospital.（动作） She knows a little English.（状态） （3）宾语(Object, O)——表示动作的承受者，也可表示动作的结果。
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