7. 将来完成时
Hold/look, look forward to(期望), look out(当心), look up (查询,), look sb. up(拜访某人)
8. as if /though+虚拟语气, 过去完成时总结 as if /though 常在描述行为的动词后面使用, 如act/look/feel/appear/smell/sound, 后面要用虚拟语气
He looks as if he were a king. Her skin feels as if it were silk.
The song sounds as if it were a sad story.
He looked as if he had never lived in England.
No sooner…than, hardly…when, country/countryside, continuously, continually, No sooner…than 一…就… 与过去完成时连用
I had no sooner come into the room than it began to rain. The bell had no sooner rung than the game began. 如果no sooner 放在句首, 主句的主谓结构倒装
No sooner had I come into the room than it began to rain. No sooner had the bell rung than it began to rain. Hardly…when 几乎没来得及…就… 与过去完成时连用
He had hardly got the money when the policeman caught him. I had hardly finished the last question when the exam ended. 如果hardly…when放在句首, 主句的主谓结构倒装
Hardly had he got the money when the policeman caught him. Hardly had I finished the last question when the exam ended. 9. 直接引语变间接引语
1. 引语前用that, 口语中可以省略 2. 根据句意改变人称
3. 时态变化: 一般现在时-一般过去时, 一般过去时-过去完成时, 一般将来时-过去将来时, 现在进行时-过去进行时, 现在完成时-过去完成时, can-could, may-might, must-had to,
4. 一些指示代词及表示地点及时间的词
this-that, these-those, now-then, today, tonight-that day, that night, this week-that week, yesterday-the day before, the previous day, last week- the week before, two days ago-two days before(earlier), tomorrow-the next (following) day, next week-the following week, here-there, come, bring-go, take
如果意思上没有必要改变就不用变了，比如在同一天说的话. She said she would come again tonight. He said he arrived yesterday morning. 几种特殊的间接引语
?特殊疑问句, 语序要变为陈述语序 “Where are you going?” he asked. He asked me where I was going. ?一般疑问句, 要加if/whether
“Will you come tomorrow?” he asked. He asked if I would come the next day.
?祈使句要变为不定式, 所使用的谓语要根据语气来选择 “Stay here,” the policeman said.
The policeman requested him to stay there. “Close the window, please,” my mother said. My mother asked me to close the window.
常用的动词: advise, ask, beg, command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbid
10. 虚拟语气在条件句中的用法, make/do
对现在事实的虚拟, if从句中谈论的是想象的情况,主句则推测想象的结果 结构: 主句用过去时, 从句用过去将来时
If you came here earlier, you would catch the train.
If you spent more time on studying, you would get better result. If I were you, I would accept this offer.
注意: 如果if从句中的动词是be, 那么应该在第一和第三人称单数名词后用 were.
Make/do用法
make conversation(聊天), make the bed(铺床), make a promise(许诺), make trouble(找麻烦), make progress(取得进步), make money(赚钱), make a speech(演讲,讲话), make mistakes(犯错误), make up one’s mind(下定决心)
do one’s best(尽最大努力), do one’s homework(做家庭作业), do a few jobs(做家务), do sb. a favour(帮忙), do work(工作), do exercise(做练习), do shopping(购物), do business(做生意)
1. 情态动词need, must, have to 1. need 一般作为实义动词使用
?需要某物He needs a hat. Does he need a hat? ?需要做某事need to do
I need to have a rest. You need to finish your work.
?需要被…,主语与need 后的动词为被动关系:need doing=need to be done The flowers need watering. =The flowers need to be watered.
2. need用做情态动词时一般为否定形式needn’t(不必要), 可以用来回答含有must, have to 的一般疑问句, 与don’t have to 同义
Must I wash the dishes? No, you needn’t. 3. need 完成式needn’t have done
4. mustn’t 表示不应该,一般口气比较强硬,没有商量. You mustn’t get up late. Remark/observe, notice 2. have 用法总结
have a ride(骑), have a look(看), have a wash(洗), have a swim(游泳), have a fight(打架), have quarrel(吵架), have a try(尝试), have a rest(休息), have a smoke(吸烟), have a good sleep(睡觉)
Pick sb up(接), pick up(拿出,学习,找到), pick out(挑出), 3. 情态动词can/could/be able to do
1. can 表示可能性
If you want, I can go with you.
2. 表示天生或学到的能力, 可以用can/could/be able to do, 三者都可以用在现在时和过去时中，在将来时中要用will be able to
3. 表示现在正在发生的事要用can Look! He can stand on his head.
4. 表示成果的完成某个具体动作时通常不用could而用be able to, 表示某动作没有成功用couldn’t
Can he borrow a book successfully?
Yes, he was able to borrow a book from his sister. No, he couldn’t. At 词组
At first(开始), at once(立即), at present(目前), at last(最后), at any rate(无论如何), at heart(本质上), at least(至少), at times(不时), at a loss(不知所措)
4. 复习动名词用法
1. 动名词可以做句子的主语,表语,宾语,介词宾语
2. 在含有介词的动词短语后面要用动名词, 如: look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to,
be tired of , be thirsty of, go on, insist on etc.
3. 有些动词后面既可用动名词也可以用不定式,所表达的意思没有区别,常见的词: start, begin, continue, delay, mean,
4. 有些动词后面加不定式表示一件具体的事情，加动名词表示一种习惯. I like drinking coffee, but today, I like to drink some tea. 5. 复习
Steal/rob, pay back
Steal表示偷偷摸摸的偷, 其宾语一般为物品 rob表示抢劫,其宾语一般是人或者某个处所 pay back 还钱, 报复 6. 介词用法 7. 复习
suggest 用法, 当建议用时后面加虚拟should +动词原形, should 可以省略.
8. 复习
Summary of Unit 39. 复合句的构成： ?用现在分词构成复合句：
现在分词的动作的主语需与主句的主语一致。
?用过去分词构成复合句，用语较正式的文体，代替被动语态， Wounded in the war, his are can not move freely.
Born in a happy family, he has never tasted the bitterness of life. ?不定式构成复合句，不定式表示目的：
To buy a new car, the young man saved up for years. I went into the garden to pick some flowers.
?通过从句构成复合句：名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同谓语从句），
关系从句（定语从句），
状语从句（时间，地点，原因，条件，方式，目的，结果，比较，让步） 10. 复合句： lose/loose/miss expect/wait for
1. 一般过去时复习： raise/rise, lay/lie, beat/win 2. 现在完成进行时 形容词变副词： 1．
直接在形容词后加-ly,
careful-carefully, slow-slowly,
2． 以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，把y变I, 加-ly, happy-happily, lucky-luckily
3． 有些词形容词和副词的形式相同，不需要做任何变化 fast, hard, late
4． 有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远： near-nearly, high-highly, late-lately,
3. 时态对比：一般过去时，现在完成时，现在完成进行时 throw to,/throw at/throw away quite/quiet cause/reason drop/fall
4. Some, any的用法
?some, any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句，注意，当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some
?many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，在口语中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.
I have a lot of money. I don’t have much money. ??
当一个名词在词组中表示主要目的时不要定冠词：
in bed, at church, at class, college, hospital, market, prison, school, sea, university,
go to school/church/work/ go to the cinema/theatre
?most表示大多数或非常：
Most students came to class today. We are most excited.
The most是many/much的比较级，或者构成形容词副词的比较级，只能表示最多或用在形容词或副词前面，
This is the most interesting book I have ever seen. I have the most books in my class. 5. Would/used to do
would do 表示过去习惯的动作，也可以用来表示过去经常性的行为，与used to do有时可以替换。不能替换的情况：
