pocket calculator is threatened with extinction．Digital devices fulfill their functions just as effectively, and are more convenient because they do so many other things too．
1 1．According to the passage, the pocket calculator _________
(A)is not much of a useful device and has become obsolete (B)is less of a computing device than it was before
(C)needs upgrading to meet consumers’ increasing needs (D)is displaced completely by digital devices like an app 12．The first pocket-size calculator was developed and introduced in_________
(A)America (B)Britain (C)Germany (D)Japan 1 3．What type of calculator had the most attractive and stylish design in the 1 970s?
(A)Sinclair Executive． (B)Busicom LE-120A Handy．
(C)ET44． (D)Kraftwerk’s “Pocket Calculator”．
1 4．According to the passage, Clive Sinclair was all of the following EXCEPT_______
(A)an entrepreneur (B)a manufacturer (C)a designer (D)an editor
15.It can be concluded from the passage that people prefer powerful digital devices because______
(A)they offer more than their basic functions (B)they serve consumers as a status symbol (C)they are conveniently small to operate (D)they sell at a reasonable price
Questions 16～20
How much museumgoers know about art makes little difference in how they engage with exhibits, according to a study by a German cultural scholar who electronically measured which items caught visitors’ attention and how they were emotionally affected．The scholar, Martin Trondle, also found that solitary visitors typically spent more time looking at art and that they experienced more emotions．
Mr．Trondle and his team outfitted 576 volunteers with a glove equipped with GPS function to track their movement through the galleries of Kunstmuseum St. Gallen in Switzerland for two months beginning in June 2009．Sensors in the gloves measured physical evidence of emotional reactions, like heartbeat rates and sweat on their palms．Afterward, the volunteers were asked questions about where they had spent the most time, and about the feelings that particular works evoked.
Mr．Trondle found that there appeared to be little difference in engagement between visitors with a proficient knowledge of art and “people who are engineers and dentists．” He said artists, critics and museum directors often focus on perhaps one work in a room, while visitors
with moderate curiosity and interest tend to move from work to work and read text panels．
Mr．Trondle said his study established for the first time that “there is a very strong correlation between aesthetic experience and bodily functions．” He defined the art-affected state as a sense of immersion in a work, or of feeling addressed by it, concluding that museum-going is best done alone．Visitors tended to feel more stimulated by sculptures that impeded their progress through the galleries． “People want to trip over the art,” he said．
Some experts are skeptical． “This technology is so new and so young,” said Paul C．Ha, director of the List Visual Arts Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “We don’t know what we have yet．”
Bonnie Pitman, distinguished scholar in residence at the School of Arts and Humanities, University of Texas, Dallas, an expert on the subject of visitor responses to art, said： “I’m not sure that just because you have more data, that gives you a better understanding of the very complicated set of issues involved in experiencing works of art．” Referring to Mr．Trondle’s belief that an elevated heart rate signals a more profound art experience, she said： “Those transcendent moments when you’re just completely awash in the color and beauty of a great Pissarro or Sisley or Monet—those moments aren’t necessarily going to raise your heart rate．They’re going to slow you down．”
Given all of the recent attention on blockbuster exhibitions at vast museums, “you might assume that our future is not very rosy,” said Roland Waspe, director of the Kunstmuseum St．Gallen, a smaller museum with a range of paintings and sculptures dating from the Middle Ages to the present. He said the research suggested “we now have an advantage, because we see that, for an optimal art experience, museums have to be small, they have to be more empty, and they have to be, in the most positive sense, a place of contemplation．”
1 6．Mr．Trondle and his team provided the gloves with sensors for the volunteers to______
(A)measure their heartbeat rates in movement
(B)discover whether they touch the exhibits while visiting (C)find out about their responses to the exhibits
(D)see how many of them have questions about the exhibits 17．Which of the following can be the conclusion of Mr．Trondle’s study?
(A)People with moderate interest will get totally immersed in a particular work． (B)Solitary museumgoers feel more毛motions evoked by the particular exhibit． (C)Artists and critics experience heartbeat rates and sweaty palms at museums． (D)Visitors with a knowledge of art spend more time looking than others．
18.According to the passage, Mr．Trondle’s idea about the elevated heartbeat rates at museums is_________
(A)accepted by professionals and laymen alike (B)confirmed by massive amounts of data (C)dismissed as groundless and useless
(D)challenged and questioned by some experts
19．The word “awash” (para.6) is closest in meaning to________
(A)addicted (B)affected (C)immersed (D)proficient
20．In the opinion of Roland Waspe, museums________
(A)have to be more empty for visitors to move about freely (B)have to be small with a small number of fervent visitors (C)should provide opportunity for visitors to think deeply (D)should have an advantage over their counterparts
Questions 21～25
Do you know or work with someone who undervalues other people’s efforts, ignores their viewpoint, even publicly insults his or her co-worker? That person is a bully and is bad news for any company, though often the people at the top don’t know, or worse, don’t want to know. A bully will set impossible deadlines, make fun of people and ridicule them whenever they make mistakes. The worst type will also shout and be abusive．What motivates bullies? No one is sure, but it may be that they are suffering from some kind of inferiority complex．
According to a recent survey, the situation is far worse than originally thought, and has become worse in the past year．It’s quite likely that the increase is a direct result of the current business culture with its emphasis on competition and aggressive “masculine” management styles, combined with the stress of “job insecurity”, that is, the ever-present fear of Iosing one’s Job. The survey quotes the example involving the appointment of an ageing male manager who could not come to terms with women in management positions．His relationship with the mainly female staff created massive problems throughout the whole organization．The oppressive atmosphere did nothing to promote efficient working practices, with stress levels rising and confidence and spirits falling. It wasn’t easy for the staff to report him and it took a while to convince those at the top, but they did the wise thing and got rid of him．
Bullying must be recognized and dealt with．A fair disciplinary procedure should be in place Once a bully has been identified, employers must ensure that both sides have the opportunity to make their case and be able to appeal against any disciplinary action taken．
If you work with someone who uses inappropriate or threatening language or behaves in a rude and abrupt manner, you could be dealing with a bully. Whatever you do, you must not become a victim：if you do not fight back, you are giving the bully encouragement to continue．On the other hand, try not to get upset, you will feel worse and the bully will be very satisfied．So, keep cool, be patient and take action when you are sure you can be effective. Talk to colleagues, see what they think. Make a note of conversations, keep memos and letters, as these will be needed as evidence to back up your case. Bullies don’t always realize that their behavior is offensive, upsetting and threatening, and it may be that a few well—chosen words will defuse the situation．But if this fails, the employer will have to intervene, give proper warnings and be prepared to dismiss the persistent offender．
21．According to the survey, bullying has become more common recently because_____
(A)age and sex differences between management and staff cause tension (B)people are afraid they might lose their jobs if they are not strict
(C)competition and aggressive management styles become more important (D)most managers prefer to ignore bulling in the workplace
22．In the example, what effect did the bullying manager have on the company?
(A)Staff morale was very low as a result of his behavior． (B)Stress levels were falling in the company．
(C)People felt bad about reporting him to senior management． (D)Male colleagues got on much better with female colleagues．
23．To deal with bullies，there should be a proper procedure so that______
(A)people who have been bullied have the right to appeal (B)both the bulling and the bullied can air their views (C)management can dismiss anyone suspected of bullying (D)everyone knows that the company has a policy on bullying
24．If you feel you are a victim of bullying, the writer recommends you should______
(A)repay bullies by being rude and aggressive to them (B)collect evidence to prove that you have been bullied (C)persuade other members of the staff to support you (D)report the situation immediately to other supervisors
25．What does the writer mean by the phrase “a few well—chosen words will defuse the situation”?
(A)It’s a good idea to give the bullies a list of words that people find offensive． (B)Employers should be told very diplomatically about the bullies’ behavior． (C)Bullies should be told that they will be sacked if the bullying doesn’t stop． (D)Bullies might change their behavior once they are made aware of it．
Questions 26～30
You are going to read three extracts which are all concerned in some way with communication．
Extract I
There are eleven other children in Grania’s class．Eight of them know sign language．Grania soon learns that even though she is encouraged every day to use her voice she is barely understood. She resolves to keep her voice inside, not to let it out． But her teacher, Miss AITIOS, won’t settle for that. She taps Grania on the shoulder, watches her lips, brings Grania’s attention back to her own lips to see the shapes of the words and to practice them．She instructs Grania in the single-hand alphabet, which Grania, already knowing her printed letters, has no trouble learning．She also shows her how to use the signing space in front of her neck and upper chest．
Outside of class, the other children signal to one another with animation．Grania sends signals out slowly from her body, but she is frustrated by the flap and flurry of hands that face her when signals try to come back in. At times she sees nothing more than a rapid blur．Instead, she
