高考英语语法知识点归纳 二
五、动词和短语动词 注意： ①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开 She turned off all the lights which had been left on. 她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。 ②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间 She gave them away.她送掉了它们。 ③同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异 ring back回电话 ring off挂断电话 ring up打电话 put away放好 put on穿，上演 put up挂起，举起。 ④不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上有很大的差异 break out发生，爆炸 carry out进行，开展 go out熄灭 短语动词常见的构成方式及其注意点 hand out分发 let out放出 look out当心 sell out卖完 set out出发, take out取出 work out算出 动词+介词(及物) I'm looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼镜。 注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。 ②同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异。 look after照料，look at看，look for寻找 动词+副词+介词 I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。 注：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after) 这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。 考点聚焦及解题点拨 (单个动词)同义词近义词辨析 从三个方面考虑：词的恰切含义、搭配（与介词、名词或非谓语动词的搭配）和用法（是及物动词还是不及物动词） 1
系动词的用法 状态系动词be 持续系动词keep,remain,stay,continue,lie,stand,rest 表象系动词seem,appear 感官/感觉系动词look,smell,taste,sound,feel 变化系动词become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come 终止系动词prove,turn out 解答这类试题的关键首先是弄清题意，然后是分析句子结构，由此可判断出该动词是否用作系动词，最后确定所要填入的答案。特别关注：go hungry,come true,turn writer 接双宾语的动词 短语动词的辨析 容易被我们忽视的知识点 give sb. sth=give sth.to sb buy sb. sth.=buy sth. for sb 但是我们只能说：suggest sth. to sb. explain sth.to sb. read sth. to sb. 熟记常考的短语动词的意义 sell, write, wash, wear等词的主动形式后跟副词表示被动意义 happen, occur,take place, break out, come out, belong to等无被动形式
六、动词的时态和语态
1. 常用常考的动词时态和用法：（以do为例） 2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较 1 2 3 4 将来时 be + doing 进行时表将来 be about to + 动词原形 be to + 动词原形 一般现在时表将来 用 法 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来 区 别 例 句 He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe? I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close. We’re to meet at the school gate at noon. The meeting starts at five o’clock. The plane leaves at ten this evening. 例 句 3.容易混淆的时态比较 项 目 2
现在完成时强调过去动作对现在产生的影响或造成的结果 一般过去时与现在完成时的比较 We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her? A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened 说明：说话者强调Jane 目前的状况. Mr. Lee, who ________ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country. A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. works (只说明他过去当过木匠不涉及到现在) Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here? A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been 说明：didn’t know 强调见面前不知道 I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住) I have read that book.我读过那本书了。（知道那本书的内容） 一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态 着重表示动作的结果时，用现在完成时 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较 —Hi, Tracy, you look tired. 着重表示动作一直在进—I am tired. I _______ the living room all day. 行，即动作的延续性时，A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 则用现在完成进行时 说明：强调动作从过去到现在的延续 I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. 现在进行时表示现在某A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come 个时候或某段时间正在C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come 进行的动作 说明：指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时。 现在进行时与过去进行时的比较 — Hey, look where you are going! 过去进行时表示某个时— Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. 候或某段时间正在进行 A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. 的动作 C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. 说明：对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情. 3
一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态 一般过去时与过去进行时的比较 过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作 Tom________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 说明：slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。 .He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. A.wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 说明：正确选项为B. 从I don’t know if he has finished it.推断，他去年一直在写。 II. 动词的被动语态 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to,have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… 注 It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 意 被动语态的句型 1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）＋be＋过去分词＋（by＋施动者）：He was scolded by the English teacher. 事 2.主语＋get＋过去分词＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults. 使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者” 项 3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。 She lent me a bike.?被动：①I was lent a bike(by her). ②A bike was lent to me(by her). 4.情态动词＋be＋过去分词：This problem must be worked out in half an hour. 5.双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其它成分 These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room. The murderer was ordered to be shot. 4
