中重复一些句法成分。 17.移位类型
Syntactic NP-movement=t‘s involving the movement of a noun phrase.
Movement 名词短语的移位
WH-movement=It changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative. 陈述变疑问句
AUX-…=the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence initial position.
助动词移位到句首的移位 18.普遍语法的广义原则
General Principles of Universal Grammar: Case Condition和Adjacency Condition
格条件---a noun phrase must have Case and Case is assigned by V or P to the object position, or by AUX to the subject position.
名词词组必须有格，宾语的格是由动词或介词决定，而主语的格由助动词决定。
相邻条件—a case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other,it explains why no other phrasal category can intervene between a verb and its direct object.
格分派者和格接受者要相邻。这解释了为什么任何别的词组类不能插
到动词和它的直接宾语之间。
19.Universal Grammar is believed to contain a parameter with the valves增and减set on the Adjacency condition. with English-type languages, the Adjacency Parameter is set to the增 value, while for French-type language, the parameter is set to减value. 三、问答题
1.Use the appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences. ⑴the tower on the hill collapsed in the wind ⑵Mary promised John to see the doctor.
Chapter 5 Semantics 一、定义
1.命名论The naming theory
The naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also a very primitive one was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words,the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for, so words are just names or labels for things. 2.意念论The conceptualist view
It holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather ,in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. 3.语境论Conceptualism
It‘s based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. her are two kinds of context: the situational and the linguistic context. 4.行为主义论Behaviorism
It refers to the attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the‖ situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer‖. this theory somewhat close to conceptualism emphasizes on the psychological response. 5.意义Sense
It‘s concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It‘s the collection of all the features of the linguistic form, it‘s abstract and de-contextualized. 6.所指意义Reference
It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 7.同义词Synonymy
It refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning or we can say
that words are close in meaning are called synonyms. 8.多义词Polysemy
It refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. 9.同音(形)异义Homonymy
It refers to the phenomenon that words have different meanings have the same form, i.e, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.
10.同音异义Homophones
It refers to two words are identical in sound. e.g. rain/reign. 11.同形异义Homographs
It refers to two words are identical in form .e.g. tear v./tear n. 12.上下义关系Hyponymy
It refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. the word which is more general in meaning is called superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. 13.反义词Antonymy
It‘s the term used for oppositeness of meaning on different dimension. 14.成分分析法Componential Analysis----分析词汇抽象意义 It‘s a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.
