一般动词的过去式
一般动词的过去式，分为规则变化及不规则变化。 (1) 规则变化→…ed 原形动词+ed 例：help→helped (帮忙) spell→spelled (拼字) want→wanted (想要) 原形动词字尾有e+d 例：love→loved (爱)
dance→danced (跳舞)
原形动词为辅音+短元音+辅音→重复字尾+ed 例：stop→stopped (停止) plan→planned (计划) 原形动词字尾为辅音+y→去y+ied 例：study→studied (读书) cry→cried(哭). (2) 不规则变化
例：eat→ate (吃)
go→went (去) give→gave (给)
read→read (读) ride→rode (骑) have→had (有; 吃) take→took (拿)
come→came (来)
teach→taught (教)
see→saw (看)
例：1. I walk to school every day. (我每天走路上学。) (过去式)I walked to school yesterday.(我昨天走路上学。
2. Mother goes to a supermarket every morning. (妈妈每天上超巿。)
(过去式) Mother went to a supermarket yesterday morning. (妈妈昨天早上上超巿。) ※主词为第三人称单数时，过去式动词不须加s 一般动词(过去式)的否定句 ※含有一般动词(过去式)的肯定句变为否定句时，不可直接在一般动词之后加not，必须使用过去式助动词did(不分人称)。而did之后，必定出现原形动词。
肯定句：主词+一般动词(过去式)? 否定句：主词+did not+原形动词?
例：l. He called you last night. (他昨晚打电话给你。)
(否定句) He did not call you last night. (他昨晚没打电话给你。)
= He didn’t call you last night.
2. My sister and I watched TV all day yesterday. (我姊姊昨天和我看了一整天的电视。) (否定句) My sister and I did not watch TV all day yesterday.
= My sister and I didn't watch TV all day yesterday. (我姊姊昨天和我并没有整天看电视。)
比较：否定句(过去式)
a. be动词： She was at home. (她在家。)
She wasn't at home. （她不在家。）
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b. 一般动词： She studied English. (她学英语。)She didn't study English. (她没学英语。)
一般动词(过去式)的疑问句
※含有一般动词(过去式)的肯定句变为疑问句时，不可将一般动词拿到主词前，必须使用过去式助动词did。而did之后，必定出现原形动词。
肯定句：主词+一般动词(过去式)?疑问句：Did+主词+原形动词...?例：1. His friends went to that movie last week. (他的朋友上星期去看了那部电影。)(疑问句) Did his friends go to that movie last week? (他的朋友上星期看了那部电影吗？)(答句) Yes, they did. / No, they didn't. (是的，他们看了。/ 不，他们没看。)
2. Grace wrote a letter to David. (Grace写了一封信给David。)(疑问句) Did Grace write a letter to David? (Grace写信给David了吗？)(答句) Yes, she did. / No, she didn't.(是，她写了。/ 没，她没有。) 比较：疑问句(过去式)
a. be动词： He was sick. (他病了。)Was he sick? (他病了吗？) b. 一般动词： Unit 4代名词 人称代名词
人称代名词的人称及格 数 格
人称 第一人称 第二人称
主语 I you he
第三人称
she it
单数 形容词性物主代词 my your his her its
宾格 me you him her it
they
their
them
主语 we you
复数 形容词性物主代词 our your
宾格 us you
He did his homework. (他做功课了。)Did he do his homework? (他做功课了吗？)
※ 第一人称→说话者 第二人称→听话者 第三人称→第一人称及第二人称话题中提到者 主语、所有格、宾语的用法 主语+动词 所有格+名词 一般动词+宾语/介系词+宾语
例：1. He likes sports. (他喜欢运动。)2. His friends are over there. (他的朋友们在那里。)3. The girl loves him very much. (那女孩非常爱她。) It的用法 ◎ it可表示天候、时间、距离
例：l. It rains a lot in Taipei in spring. (it表天候)(台北春天下很多雨。)2. It was two o'clock when he came back home. (it表时间)
(他两点回到家。)3. It is five kilometers from here to the airport. (it表距离)(从这里到机场距离是5
9
公里。)
◎ it表示某一状况→此时多半是说话的人及听话的人都能了解的特定状况。
例：1. A: Who knocked at the door? (谁敲门？)B: I thought it was Jack. (我想是Jack。)2. It's all up to you. (一切由你决定。)3. I like it here. (我喜欢这里。)4. I don't feel like it. (我不想。) ◎ It可以当假主词→代替一件事
例：1. It is difficult to learn Spanish. (西班牙文很难学。)
(假主词)
2. It's important that you should tell the truth. (你该说实话，这很重要。) (假主词)
3. It's no use telling him about it.(告诉他这件事是没用的。) (假主词)
we、you、they的特殊用法 例：1. We had a heavy rain yesterday. (昨天下了一场大雨。)
2. You don't see many Chinese there. (在那里看不到许多中国人。) 3. They speak English in Canada. (在加拿大说英语。)
所有代名词
数
格 形容词性
人称 第一人称 第二人称
物主代词 my your his
第三人称
her its
所有代名词的用法 ◎ 所有代名词=所有格+名词
例：1. Your house is bigger than mine (=my house). (你家比我家大。)2. My bicycles are here and his (=his bicycles) are there. (我的脚踏车在这里，而他的在那里。)
※所有代名词所代替的名词，要与前者提到的名词单、复数相同。 ◎ 伴随双重所有格：
冠词、所有格?????不可同时放在名词前 ?指示形容词、不定形容词?单数 名词性物主代词 mine yours his hers its
their 形容词性物主代词 our your
复数 名词性物主代词 ours yours
theirs
例：I met one of my old friends on the way home. (我在回家途中遇到我的一位老朋友。)
= an old friend of mine
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◎ 名词的所有代名词=所有格
例：My dog is black, and Jason's is white. (我的狗是黑的，而Jason的是白的。)
= Jason's dog
反身代名词 反身代名词的形成 第一、二人称→所有格+ self(单数) / selves(复数) 第三人称→宾语+ self(单数) / selves(复数)
第一人称 第二人称
单数 myself yourself himself
第三人称
herself itself
反身代名词的用法 例：l. You always talk to yourself. (你老是自言自语。)2. The little girl hurt herself. (这小女孩受伤了。)3. He can do it by himself. (他能够独自做这件事。)(强调句:He himself can do it.)4. I saw the singer himself. (我看见那位歌手本人。) 指示代名词
用来指示人或事物的代名诃，称之为指示代名词。 this(these) / that(those) ◎一般用法
用于人或事物。离说话者距离近者用this(these)；距离远者用that(those)。
例：1. This is my mask, and that is Mary's. (这是我的面具，而那是Mary的。)2. Who is this? (你是谁？)→电话用语。Who was that on the telephone? (电话上那人是谁？)3. Things are easier these days. (这几天事情简单多了。) ◎代替用法
代替已经叙述过的字。代替单数名词用that；代替复数名词用those。但this(these)无此用法。 例：1. The weather in Taipei is cooler than the weather in Kaohsiung. =The weather in Taipei is cooler than that in Kaohsiung. (台北的天气比高雄凉爽。)2. Her interests are different from the interests of her childhood. =Her interests are different from those of her childhood. (她现在的兴趣和她童年时的不同。) so 作为动词的受词或补语，指前面出现过的字或是句子。
例：l. A: Will it be fine tomorrow. (明天天气好吗？)B: I hope so. (我希望如此。)(=I hope that it will be fine tomorrow.)2. Do you still feel sick? If so, you must see the doctor.(你仍然不舒服吗？如果是的话，你必须看医师。)3. Nancy can play the violin, and so can I. (Nancy会拉小提琴，而我也会。)=and I can ,too.
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复数 ourselves yourselves
themselves
