4. 琼岛东北部有“琼岛春阴”碑，为1751年建立。There is a stone tablet erected in 1751 in the northeast of Qiong Island, with \Dao Chun Yin\(Spring Shade on the Qiong Island) written by Emperor Qian Long (1736-1796A.D.) engraved on it.
译文中的“(Spring Shade on the Qiong Island) written by Emperor Qian Long (1736-1796A.D.)”为译者所加，为的是让读者进一步了解这块碑的珍贵之处，以引起读者的兴趣。 过去分词短语“engraved on it”修辞“Qiong Dao Chun Yin”。
5. 附近风光秀丽，过去是燕京八景之一。This area, noted for its beautiful scenery, was counted as one of the eight outstanding views of Beijing.
“noted”在这里不是过去分词，而是形容词，相当于“well-known”。
“燕京八景之一”也没有简单地译作“one of the eight views of Beijing”，而是在“views”前面加了一个词“outstanding”，因为普通的景色满目都是，文中提到的“八景”是特殊的景色。
6. 海北岸有“五龙亭”，建于1602年，是封建皇帝钓鱼和看焰火的地方。On the north shore of the lake are the Five-Dragon Pavilions, built in 1602, where the emperors enjoyed fishing and watched fireworks.
原文是“海北岸有”，译文不能译作“have”，而要译作“are”。整句译文是倒装句，主语是“the Five-Dragon Pavilions”，表地点的介词短语前置于句首。
7. “九龙壁”，建于1756年，全壁用五彩琉璃瓦砌成，两面各有蟠龙九条，姿态生动，反映了我国劳动人民的创造才能。Not far to the northeast stands the Nine-Dragon Screen, put up in 1756, which is made of colorful glazed tiles. With nine lively dragons on each side, it has proved the creativeness of the working people of China.
原句较长，译文被处理成两句。译文中的“Not far to the northeast”为译者所加，借以说明景物的相对位置，免得孤立地介绍景物，显得单调。译文最后一句中的“Near there”也是如此。
译文中的“prove”意为：establish the genuineness of 确定……之真实性，用以表达“反映”，紧扣原意。 （二）参考译文： Bei Hai Park
Bei Hai (North Lake) Park, covering an area of 68.2 hectares, was the imperial garden in the Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The center of the park is Qiong Island, 32.8 metres high and 1,913 metres in circumference. It was made in 1179 (in the Jin Dynasty) with the earth that came from the digging of the lake. The White Dagoba built on it in 1651 is as high as 35.9 metres.
There is a stone tablet erected in 1751 in the northeast of Qiong Island, with \Qiong Island) written by Emperor Qian Long (1736-1796A.D.) engraved on it. This area, noted for its beautiful scenery, was counted as one of the eight outstanding views of Beijing.
On the north shore of the lake are the Five-Dragon Pavilions, built in 160, where the emperors enjoyed fishing and watched fireworks. Not far to the northeast stands the Nine-Dragon Screen, put up in 1756, which is made of colorful glazed tiles. With nine lively dragons on each side, it has proved the creativeness of the working people of China. Near there is the Iron Screen, which is a relic of the Yuan Dynasty. 第4章 Unit 4 Economy Exercise 10
New Opportunities in China's Economic Cooperation with Other Countries 一、解说
1、Exercise 10 选自美国贸易代表罗伯特?霍马茨在中国的演讲《中国对外经济合作的新机会》。演讲包括：“乐观的理由”、“技术”、“金融关系”、“在中国的投资”、“中国在国外的投资”、“需要克服的困难”、“纺织品”、“出口控制”、“同谁打交道”还有“结论”等几部分。 罗伯特?霍马茨生平介绍：
Robert D. Hormats is Vice Chairman of Goldman Sachs (International) and Managing Director of Goldman, Sachs & Co. He joined Goldman Sachs in 1982 as a Vice President in the Investment Banking Division and a Director of Goldman Sachs International.
Mr. Hormats served as Senior Deputy Assistant Secretary for Economic and Business Affairs at the Department of State from 1977 to 1979, Ambassador and Deputy U.S. Trade Resentative from 1979 to 1981 and Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs from 1981 to 1982. He served as a Senior Staff Member for International Economic Affairs on the National Security Council from 1969 to 1977 during which time he was Senior Economic Advisor to Dr. Henry Kissinger, General Brent Scowcroft and Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski. Mr. Hormats was a recipient of the French
Legion of Honor in 1982 and Arthur Fleming Award in 1974.
Mr. Hormats is a board member of the Council on Foreign Relations, Engelhard Hanovia, Inc., and Human Genome Sciences, Inc. He is also a member of the Board of Visitors of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and the Columbia University School of International Affairs. He is a member of the Advisory Boards of Foreign Policy and International Economics magazines. He was appointed by President Clinton in 1993 to the Board of The U.S.-Russia Investment Fund.
Mr. Hormats publications include American Albatross: The Foreign Debt Dilemma and Reforming the International Monetary System. Other publications include articles in Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, American Banker and The Financial Times. He was visiting lecturer at Princeton University in 1983. 2、本练习经济术语：
bilateral trade双边贸易 technological transformation of existing industries现有企two way trade双向贸易 业的技术改造 investment投资 joint venture 合资企业 total trade 总贸易额 imports 进口额 commercial and financial ties贸易与金融关系 exports 出口额 commercial and financial relationships贸易与金融关系 productivity生产率 labour intensive industries劳动密集型企业 resource capabilities资源潜力
3、本练习数量的表达法：
something in the order of 6 billion大约为60亿美元 roughly $10 billion大约100亿美元amount to 总数达
4、China is the world's largest developing nation and the US is the world's most developed large nation. Bilateral trade between the two has grown imssively.
1）英汉翻译要注意不能忽视英语原文中的动词时态、语态，才能正确地表达。本句中的两个分词developing 和developed在翻译时要体现“现在分词”的“进行”的特点和“过去分词”的“完成”的特点。 2）imssively：显著地
下文中还有同义词：dramatically
3）英语一般一对主谓（宾）结构构成一个句子，如果几个句子构成一个复合句，中间要有连接词。而汉语可以几个小句在一起构成一个复合句，中间没有连接词也可，靠逻辑意义连接。本注释点的两个句子在逻辑上相关性较大，可以译成一个汉语句子。 下文有类例，如：
a. There are reasons to be optimistic and to expect that commercial and financial relationships will grow in the future. But there are also difficulties to be solved.
我们有理由感到乐观，并预期未来的贸易及经济关系将会发展，但也有困难尚待解决。
b. In many of these areas, particularly agriculture, the results have been very positive. Food production is increasing rapidly.
中国在许多领域里，特别是在农业上已经获得良好的效果，粮食迅速增产。 以上两个类例都是这样：译成一个句子，更紧凑。 译文：
中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，而美国是最发达的大国， 两国之间的双边贸易已有显著的发展。
5、Today, two way trade is something in the order of $ 6 billion and increasing. of the order of = in the order of (BrE): approximately大约, in the order of 常常与something 用在一起。 例如：
a. There were of (in) the order of 300 people at the festival. 节日活动大约有300人参加。 b.“How much is the project going to cost?” “Something in the order of 5000 pounds.”
“这项计划要花多少钱？” “大约5000英镑。” 译文：
如今，两国双边贸易大约为60亿美元，并且还在增加。
6、The result, I believe, is that we have built the beginnings of a sound foundation for future commercial and financial ties.
built the beginnings of a sound foundation for：如果逐字翻译，此短语译成“为...建立坚实的基础的开始”，显然译文达不到“达”的标准，难以理解，因此要运用翻译技巧（词类转换）进行处理。把名词the beginning转换成相应意义的副词“初步”，译文就通顺了。 译文：
我相信，我们已经为今后的贸易与金融关系初步打下了坚实的基础。 类例：
When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor. 只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些人争取过来。
7、China's imports from the US, which amounted to $900 million in 1978, rose to nearly $ 3 billion in 1982.
which amounted to $900 million in 1978为非限制性定语从句，不能用前置法翻译非限制性定语从句时，可用后置法或别的方法翻译。有时可以用后置法翻译，在译文中把原文从句后置，不重复关系代词所代表的含义，译成并列分句。如：
After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night. 饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直到深夜。 译文：
中国从美国的进口额，1978年为9亿美元，到了1982年增加到近30亿美元。 8、Total Chinese trade has also risen dramatically , from 1978 to 1983 Chinese exports increased from roughly $10 billion to $22 billion, while imports increased from $ 10 billion to just over $ 21 billion.
中国的总贸易额也显著增长，从1978年到1983年，中国的出口额从大约100亿美元增加到220亿美元，进口额从100亿美元增长到210多亿美元。
注意译文与原文之间的差异，原文中的关系词while是不能少的，而译文中不需要译出。原因见上面的第3的解释3）。
9、joint ventures between the US and Chinese investors中美合资企 10、China's Strong Economic Performance: 中国在经济上的出色表现 注意：Strong译为“出色”。英汉语言的搭配能力不同，要根据具体的情况进行意译。如：put on a coat, put on a hat两个put意义一样，但分别译为“穿外衣”和“戴帽子”，因此翻译时一定要看目标语的搭配能力与习惯。 11、decided on 选定，决定
12、It is aimed at adjusting the pace of modernisation to China's resource capabilities and its goal of major increases in employment, providing incentives for agricultural and industrial productivity; strengthening light, labour intensive industries, using technology to modernise and promote the technological transformation of existing industries; and removing bottlenecks imposed by energy and transportation constraints.
注意本句结构的理解，本句多处出现平行结构，不同层次的平行结构不能混为一团。
1）It is aimed at 是句子的主干，at后面有几个平行的现在分词短语作介词宾语：adjusting..., providing..., strengthening..., using..., removing...；
2）再下一层，the pace of...,和 its goal of...平行，作adjusting的宾语；agricultural 和 industrial平行作productivity的定语；light和labour intensive平行作后面的industries的定语；modernise 和 promote平行，由不定式符号to总管；energy 和transportation平行，都是constraints的定语。 二、参考译文
中国对外经济合作的新机会(摘录) 罗伯特?霍马茨
中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，而美国是最发达的大国，两国之间的双边贸易已有显著的发展。70年代早期，美中之间实际上无贸易可言。如今，两国双边贸易大约为60亿美元，并且还在增加。美国在中国的投资越来越多，中国在美投资也在进行。我相信，我们已经为今后的贸易与金融关系初步打下了坚实的基础。中国从美国的进口额，1978年为9亿美元，到了1982年增加到近30亿美元。在那个时期，出口额从3亿美元增长到23亿美
元。中国的总贸易额也显著增长，从1978年到1983年，中国的出口额从大约100亿美元增加到220亿美元，进口额从100亿美元增长到210多亿美元。
1983年，美国在中国投资大约总计为8，500万美元；有20多个美中合资企业。此外，美国公司对近海石油勘探投资5亿多美元。
我们有理由感到乐观，并预期未来的贸易及经济关系将会发展，但也有困难尚待解决。让我先谈谈可望发展的原因，然后再讨论问题所在。 乐观的理由：
中国在经济上的出色表现
中国的经济改革经过戏剧性的转变之后，决定走上稳定而大有前途的道路，它的目的在于：调整现代化的步伐，以适应其资源潜力及其大量增加就业机会的目标，刺激工农业生产率，加强轻工业及劳动密集型工业，利用技术促进现有工业的技术改造并使之现代化，以及排除由于能源及交通运输紧张所造成的障碍。 中国在许多领域里，特别是在农业上已经获得良好的效果，
粮食迅速增产。全国都在发展现代化工业生产，生产单位合并构成大规模企业。经济增长率约有10％，虽然重工业发展速度比希望的要快些，某些轻工业要慢一些。我相信中国经济管理部门已认识到这个问题，在下一个五年计划有效地克服这一问题。
Exercise 11 The Challenges of Reform 一、解说
1、练习出处同课文。 2、本练习经济术语reform 改革 declining industries每况愈下的工业 cost 费用；代价 customer 顾客 economic transition 经济转轨 the liberalization of world trade世界贸易自由化 enterprises企业 established market 已经发育健全的市场 inflation 通货膨胀 multilateral disciplines 多边规则 uncompetitive industries 缺乏竞争力的工业
3、Of course, building a modern economy carries costs too.
这里的carries 是动词，“具有”，“含有”的意思，可以根据上下文和汉语“代价”这词的搭配能力，意译本句。 译文：
当然，建立现代经济也需要付出代价。
同样意义的词在不同的语言环境里，需要根据搭配词的搭配能力，译成不同的词，下文有类似的例子，如manage 在下面不同的两个句子里，根据需要分别先后译成“应付”和“处理”。 a. Different countries will manage these costs in different ways. 各国应付这种代价的方式也不尽相同。
b. Of course change must be managed sensitively, with care. 当然，处理变革问题应该十分谨慎。
4、But the problems China has had to deal with in recent years are familiar to Britain and other countries undergoing major economic transition: the conundrum of unleashing enterprises while keeping inflation in check; the social consequences and complexity of reforming uncompetitive or declining industries. 注意本句的理解。
1）China has had to deal with in recent years是限制性定语从句，可以用前置法翻译。因此，the problems China has had to deal with in recent years译成：“中国近年来不得不解决的一些问题”。下文有类例：
a. ...the British experience is that the industry that can adapt to the demands of competition will usually thrive. 英国的经验是，能够适应竞争的工业通常会昌盛。
b.The enterprise that best meets the needs of its customer, at the best price, offers the most secure future for its workers. 那些能以最低价格最大限度地满足客户要求的企业就能为其工人提供最可靠的前途保障。 2）be familiar to ：为...所熟悉
3）undergoing....到句末是现在分词短语做定语，修饰other countries。
4）the conundrum of...和the social consequences and complexity of...是平行结构，作the problems 的同位语。
