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Unit4 动词
基本变化形式：
动词的一般变化形式：表格 动词的一般变化形式 构成方法 一般在词尾加s、ed或ing 以e结尾加s, d或去e加ing 以辅音字母y结尾，y变i，再加es或ed或直接加ing 以单个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，直接加s, 双写辅音字母加ed, 加ing 以r结尾的重读音节、重复r后再加ed或ing，直接加s 以i结尾的优势要重复i后再加ed或ing，直接加s 原形 第三人称单数 过去式 worked stayed used hoped studied 过去分词 worked stayed used hoped studied 现在分词 working staying using hoping studying work works stay stays use use hope hopes study studies stop stops stopped stopped stopping prefer prefers preferred preferred preferring travelled travelled travelling travel travels
1.一般在词尾加s、ed或ing work- works- worked- working 2.以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的动词 词尾加-es teaches, washes, goes 3.以e结尾加s, d或去e加ing。 Hope –hopes- hoped –hoping 4.以辅音字母加y结尾的动词：把y 变I 加es, ed 但直接加ing.
5.以单个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，直接加s, 双写辅音字母加ed, 加ing Stop- stops –stopped-stopping
prefer- prefers-preferred –preferring 针对动词的原形，过去式，过去分词的形式，还有一些特殊的形式： 1. A---A---A型（现在式、过去式和过去分词同形）
动词原形（现在式） 过去式 过去分词
cost cost cost 花费 cut cut cut 割，切 hit hit hit 打 let let let 让 put put put 放下 read read read 读 2. A---A---B型（现在式和过去式同形） beat beat beaten 打
3. A---B---A型（现在式和过去分词同形） come came come 来
become became become 变 run ran run 跑 4. A ---B ---B型
（1）在动词原形后加一个辅音字母d或t构成过去式或过去分词。
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burn burnt burnt 燃烧 learn learned/learnt learned/learnt 学习 hear heard heard 听
见
（2）把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母改动一下， 构成过去式或过去分词。 build-built-built 建筑 lend-lent-lent 借给 lose lost lost 失去 spend spent spent 花费
时态的讲解： 一般现在时表示：
1. 表示一直发生的事情，经常发生的动作：. Do you speak English?
I get up at 7 o’clock every morning. It often rains in summer in Beijing. 2. 表示客观事实或者真理： Birds fly.
The earth goes around the sun. 3. 谈论时间表、旅程表等，如： What time does the film begin?
The football match starts at 7 o’clock. Tomorrow is Tuesday. 4. 谈论籍贯、国籍等。，如：
Where do you come from? Where are you from？ I come from China. 你是哪国人？我是中国人。 5. 引用书籍,或别人的话时。，如：
She says she’s coming to Beijing next week.
Shakespears says, “Neither a borrower or a lender be.”
总结：一般现在时是用动词的原形来表示的，当主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词在原形后要加上词尾-s or –es, 简称动词的单三形式 现在进行时时态： 现在进行时的功用
1） 表示说话时正在发生或者进行的动作 Please keep silent , I’m studying.
2) 表示在现在相对较长一段时间内正在进行的动作，但是说话一刻不一定在做的动作 Tom is teaching English and learning Chinese in Beijing.
在说话时并不一定在发生或进行，而是在包括说话的一刹那在内的一段时间内发生、进行的。 3）表示最近的确定的安排 John is coming tomorrow.
Oh, is he ? What time is he arriving? At 10:15.
以上句子也可以用be going to (do) 的形式来表示。但是谈论已确定的安排时候，用现在进行时态显得更加自然，除非受到动词的功能的限制。在此，切不可用will, 如： Mary is getting married next month. 不能用 will get married.
有些动词是表示一种状态而不是动作，一般不用于进行时。例如，我们一般不说 I am knowing, 而说 I know. 常见的这类动词有：
want、 like、 hate、 know 、see、 hear、 believe 、understand 、think(相信) 举例：
To understand is to accept. 理解就是接受 Do you like shanghai?
I think I understand what he wants.
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一般将来时
表示即将发生的事，但是不一定都能实现
举例：I am going to play football after class
一般过去时
1. 表示一个没指明具体时间的过去的行动，如： He worked in that bank four years ago. 2. 表示在过去的某一时间结束的行动，如： When did you meet him? I met him yesterday. 3. 表示过去的习惯
He always carried an umbrella. He never drank wine. 现在完成时
现在完成时由to have 的现在时+过去分词构成：
现在完成时可以说成是兼有现在与过去意义的一种复合时态。它与现在有密切联系 1. 表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的动作 Have you been to the United States? Tom has lived in BeiJing all his life.
2. 表示过去某一状态延续到现在，说话时即为状态的结束，状态的延续如： Haven’t seen you for a long time. 我好久没见到你了。（说话时刻已经见到了） The room hasn’t been cleaned for months. (可能说话时就要打扫它了) 3. 表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响。如： The window has broken.
4. 和ever, never, yet, just, already 等副词连用，如： Have you ever eaten cheese? I have never had a private car.
Has it stopped raining yet? (yet 表示期待雨停止) I’ve already sent it. (already 表示比预料的要快)
7. 与since、f or 连用，since 表示“从那一刻到说话时为止”，它总是与完成时连用，如： He has been here since 6 o’clock.
Since I was a child I have lived in China. For表示持续的时间，后接具体时间。如： He has lived in China for five years. 情态动词 情态动词 表示能力 表示可能性 表示猜测 表示许可
表示过去的能力 表示猜测 表示允许 表示允许 表示可能性
He can fly a kite The moon can not always be at the full. Can it be true? Can I use your pen?
He could read when he was five. Could he have forgotten it? Could I have a piece of paper? May I come in? He may know it.
can
could
may
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might
must need had better
表示允许（比may委婉）
表示可能性（比may更不确定） 表必须
表决对不允许 表猜测
表需要（用于否定或疑问句） 表建议、忠告（用于各种人称） He asked if he might go
You might have difficulty in doing that. Must I go?
You mustn't smoke. You must be a teacher. We needn't hurry.
You had better take a bus.
例题
1. Tom _____a good student.
A. am B. Be C. is D. are 3. ____ your sister a student? A. is B. am C. are D. Do
5. _____it raining at eight last night? A. is B. were C. was D. Are 6. Miss Tao _____ English in our school. A. run B. teaches C. walks D. looks
7. Mr. Brown’s face _____red when the headmaster came into the classroom A. felt B. heard C. were D. turned 9. Tom ,you’d better ____your coat.
A. puts on B. putting on C. put on D. to put on 12. She is only five, but she ____swim well A. can B. may C. must D. needs 20. My mother ____lunch at home every day.
A. isn’t giving B. hasn’t C. doesn’t have D. has had 30. Let them ____it again.
A. do B. did C. doing D. to wait
（二）能力测试
6. There ____ a football match next month.
A. is going to have B. has C. is D. is going to be 9. Tell her ____ the window
A. to close not B. not to close C. don’t close D. isn’t it 12. There ___ some water in the glass. A. are B. was C. is D. were 25.My grandfather ____ for ten years.
A. died B. has died C. has been dead D. has been died
Unit5 介词
介词的用法：表格 介词的作用 梦幻网络( http://www.7139.com )——最大的免费教育资源网站
