非谓语动词
不定式(to do) 将来，主动
非谓语动词 －ing 动名词, 相当于名词，指经常性、习惯性的动作 现在分词 主动，现在 过去分词(－ed) 被动、完成
一、不定式的用法：（否定是 not to do）
1. 做主语：表具体的某次动作（动名词doing 表示习惯的，经常的动作）。 1)不定式作主语时,谓语用单数 To do such things is foolish. 2）主系表结构 To see is to believe.
3)it形式主语。当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，将不定式放到谓语的后面。 常用于下列结构中：
(1)It is/was +adj.+(of sb.) to do…（如 good/ kind/ nice/ clever/ foolish/ selfish…） It is kind of you to help me. (2)It is +adj.+(for sb.)+to do…（如easy / difficult / hard / / possible/ necessary…） It is necessary to go to bed and get up early.
(3)It is +a/an +名词+ to do...（如a pity/ a shame / a pleasure /one’s duty） (4)It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience …to do… (5)It requires courage / patience / hard work… to do…
2. 做表语：表将来的动作或状态。 My task is to look after the flowers.
3．作宾语：ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等只能用动词不定式作宾语。
They agree to help us. Do you promise to lend me money?
I decided to be a doctor. Lily pretended to be sleeping when her mother came in. *注意:
1某些及物动词可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语但意义不同stop/ go on/ remember/ forget/ regret/ try/ mean…
He forgot to take his book with him. He forgot taking his book with him. 2某些及物动词think, believe, consider, feel, find, make等后常用it作形式宾语
4．做定语：当不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，要用主动表被动。
There are some problems to solve.
5. 宾语补足语: He wants you to be his assistant.
6. 做状语: 不定式做状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。
To learn a foreign language well, you must try your best.(表目的) I rushed to the airport, only to find that John had gone.（表结果） 二、 -ing形式的基本用法
(1)作主语：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
It is no use complaining. It is good writing to him. There is no denying that she is very different. (2)作表语：Her job is washing and cooking.
(3)作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语。She likes drawing very much. 只能跟do-ing做宾语的动
词：
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ He enjoys playing the guitar.
(like, love, hate, start, begin, continue等+to do/doing 意义差不多) ③ do＋限定词(my, some, any, the等)＋v.-ing，表示“做……事”之意，如：
do some cleaning打扫卫生 do some shopping购物 ④作介词的宾语：Her sister is good at learning physics. 注意to作为介词： lead to， look forward to等
⑤作形容词worth, busy等的宾语：This book is well worth reading. be busy doing_____________ be worth doing _____________
(4)作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old.
They live in a room facing the street.
游泳池_____________ 饮用水____________ 阅览室_________
(5)作宾语补足语：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.
可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有感官动词see, watch, hear, listen to, notice , observe, feel, find, 和使役动词have, keep, get, leave等。
I won’t have you doing that. I didn’t notice him waiting. We found the snake eating the eggs.
(6)作状语：①时间状语：Seeing Tom, I couldn't help thinking of his brother. _____________________________________________ 分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加when或while， 如：When crossing street, you must be careful.
②原因状语：Because he was ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.
③方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate and waited for Betty. _______________________________________ ④结果状语：His father died and left him a lot of money.
⑤让步状语：Even though we took a taxi, we will be late for the meeting. ___________________________________________
注意： 1. 动词need, require, want, deserve后很doing 表被动 The watch needs repairing. = The watch needs to be repaired.
2. -ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。
Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health.
三、过去分词 done
（1）作定语：分词是一个单词，位于其修饰的名词之前；分词是短语，位于其修饰的名词之后。
The stolen car was found by the police last week.
The amber room decorated with jewels and gold is valuable. （2）作表语：表示其逻辑主语所处的状态如：The glass is broken.
注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。
（3）作宾语补足语： 句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语.
When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。
（4）作状语：常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词
Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.
Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。） 区别 1．v.-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。 The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well. I have three letters to_write. 2．v.-ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。
不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后， 如：I have told them to come again tomorrow. 3．v.-ing形式与过去分词的区别： (1)语态不同：v.-ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。
an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演说；
the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众
(2)时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去
分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如：
the changing world正在变化的世界 the developing countries 发展中国家 the changed world已经变化了的世界 the developed countries 发达国家 练习一 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Simon made a big bamboo box ________ (keep)the little sick bird till it could fly. His first book _________ (publish) next month is based on a true story. Lydia doesn’t feel like _________ (study) abroad. Her parents are old.
Sarah pretended to be cheerful, _________ (say) nothing about the argument.
I had great difficulty _________ (find) the suitable food on the menu in that
restaurant.
6. Tsinghua University, _________ (found) in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
7. Alexander tried to get his work _________ (recognize) in the medical circles. 8. It is my duty _________ (clean) the classroom today. 9. _________(be) ill, she had to stay at home. 练习二 语法填空
My sister, Paula, and her husband, Chris, had just finished 1_________(tuck)their young ones into bed one evening when they heard crying 2_________ (come) from the children’s room. 3_________ (rush) in , they found Tommy 4_________ (cry) hysterically.(歇息底里地)
He had accidentally swallowed a 5p piece and was sure he was going to die. No amount of 5_________ (talk) could change his mind. 6_________ (try) to calm him, Chris palmed a 5p coin that he happened to have in his pocket and pretended 7_________ (remove) it from Tomm’s ear. Tommy, naturally, was 8_________ (delight). In a flash, he snatched it from his father’ hand, swallowed it and demanded cheerfully---“Do it again, Dad!”
建议冒险去想象，期待享受防中断； 坚持继续非逃避，放弃延期要做完； 注意反对避错过，考虑忍受始实践； 禁止介意可推缓，不仅习惯而喜爱。
