Women
In the beginning…
1.Puritan Settlers ['pj??r?t(?)n] 清教徒移居者 Very religious English settlers
Subordinate role of women [s?'b??d?n?t] 下级的 2.Declaration of Independence “All men are created equal…”
3.Only white men who owned property were allowed to vote 拥有财产
4.Like ending slavery, women?s rights were discussed at the constitutional convention, but not recognized 立宪大会认可
Salem Witch Trials塞勒姆巫师审判案
1.1692 (Colonial Era) A group of women who were acting “strangely” were accused of witchcraft and executed by Puritans [k??l??n??l] 殖民时代巫术枪决 2.Spread to other towns
Great Awakening
大觉醒（1720年前后到18世纪40年代，在美洲殖民地兴起的基督教复兴运动） 1.1740s (Colonial Era)
2.Split many Church?s into old and new factions 分裂派系 3.Women gained a voice in Church affairs 教会事务 4.Got involved in monitoring moral behavior 监视
Education
1.1821 – Troy Female Seminary 特洛伊女子学院 [tr??]
2.is first institution to offer women college education equal to that of men 3.1833 – Oberlin College becomes the first coeducational college
[,k?uedju:?kei??nl] 欧柏林大学（美国克里夫兰市一所大学）男女合校的
Seneca Falls Convention – 1848 塞内卡福尔斯会议
1.First women?s rights convention
2.Start of the first wave of feminism ['fem?n?z(?)m] 第一次浪潮
At the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840, the conference wouldn?t seat Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and other females because of their gender This led them to organize a convention to address the rights of women .发表演讲
在美国，这些理念是由伊丽莎白·卡迪·斯坦顿等人付诸实施的，他们于1848年发表女性《独立宣言》。
卢克丽霞·莫特是美国教友派牧师、废奴主义者、社会改革家及女权的倡议者。
3.Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
4.Led to first National Woman?s Rights Convention in 1850
塞尼卡福尔斯感伤宣言与决议
(Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions) 人类的历史是一部男人对妇女不断伤害与掠夺的历史。
一般认为国际妇女运动兴起于法国大革命时期，到现在已有近220年的历史。从发展历程来看，可以将其分为三次浪潮。第一次浪潮的起点是1848年美国妇女在塞尼卡福尔斯（Seneca Falls）举行大会，大会发表《情感宣言》（Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions）。运动的主要内容是争取选举权、受教育权、就业权利、婚姻自主、财产权利等，到20世纪20年代随着第一次世界大战结束和一些国家的妇女获得选举权而走入低谷。 第二次浪潮兴起于20世纪60、70年代。此次妇女运动的第二次浪潮规模宏大，涉及了各主要发达国家。各国妇女推动了多个全国性运动，批判父权制、消除两性差异、男女就业平等、争取堕胎合法化等妇女权益。到1975年，联合国妇女大会在墨西哥城召开，并确立联合国妇女十年（UN Decade for Women 1975－1985），世界各国妇女运动逐渐走向联合，成为全球妇女运动。之后，联合国又召开了三次世界妇女大会，包括1995年在北京召开的第四次世界妇女大会。有人把联合国世界妇女大会的召开概括为“开始于一年，变成为十年，掀起了一场运动，转变为一次革命”。
20世纪80、90年代以后，有学者认为，国际妇女运动进入第三次浪潮。我们现在正处于国际妇女运动的第三次浪潮之中。其特点可以概括为：第一，妇女运动的发展由分散走向联合；第二，各国提高妇女地位的理论由分歧走向多样化；第三，妇女运动的内容和涉及领域已经走向多元化。也就是说，世界妇女运动在走向团结的同时，更加重视差异与多样性，运动的形式也更加多样化。 中国妇女运动是国际妇女运动的组成部分，为国际妇女运动的发展作出自己的贡献，也从中受益。
Women’s Suffrage Movement ['s?fr?d?] 妇女选举权运动
1.Aimed at voting rights
2.Began at Seneca Falls Convention 塞内卡福尔斯会议 3.Reorganized following the Civil War 重新制定 4.Finally picked up speed in 1910s 加速
5.1916 - Jeannette Rankin (R. – Montana) became the first Congresswoman 来自蒙大纳州的珍妮特·兰金被选为美国国会第一个女性议员。
6.Though some states granted suffrage, universal suffrage was a long struggle 授予选举权普选权
Nineteenth Amendment
(美国宪法)第19条修正案(于1920年通过，即妇女享有选举权)
1. Following World War I, women were given the right to vote in 1920
Roaring20s兴胜的
指美国，是说美国在上世纪二十年代（即一九二几年），当时美国经济社会一片繁荣，老百姓生活富足，国力强盛，
1.Flappers 新潮女性
Groups of newly “open” young Western women
Fought the norms of “acceptable behavior” 可接受的行为规范
Wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, drank, smoked, had casual sex, drove cars, etc. 穿剪短随意性交
Became more self-reliant 自力更生的
Idea that women were sexual beings and that denying one?s impulses was self-destructive came into the mainstream 冲动自毁的主流
World War II
1.At the beginning 12 million women were working, by the end it was up to 18 million
2.350,000 served in the military 参军
3.Rosie the Riveter 铆工露斯（第二次世界大战时美国女工的统称）
Notable Firsts著名的第一次
1.1882 – Maryland is the first state to make让 wife beating a crime 马里兰州打击犯罪
2.1965 - Griswold v. Connecticut makes it legal for married couples to use contraception (birth control) 康涅狄格州避孕 加图研究所(Cato Institute)的丹尼尔·格里斯沃尔德(Daniel Griswold)认为，在受全球化影响最大的国家里，经济进步与自由、人权、民主的发展相互关联。
3.1976 – First law making it illegal for a husband to rape his wife is passed in Nebraska 强奸内布拉斯加州
Abortion 堕胎
1.Roe v. Wade (1973) （罗伊诉韦德案）
2.Extended the right to privacy under the 14th Amendment to give women the right to have an abortion 延伸隐私权修正案 3.Still a highly controversial issue 有争议的
4.The religious right still tries to restrict women from getting abortions 拘束 5.Pro-Choice v.s. Pro-Life Movements 赞成堕胎 VS 反堕胎 主张人工流产为合法的 VS 反对人工流产合法化的
Women in Business 商界
1.14.6% of Executive Officers 行政官员 2.8.1% of Top Earners 最高收入群体 3.6% of Fortune 500 CEOs
财富500强（指《财富》杂志每年评出的全美国500家最大企业） 4.16.9% of Fortune 500 Board Seats 财富500强企业董事会席位
Women in Congress 国会
1.19.1% of Members of Congress are Women
75.6% Democrat 民主党人（驴） 24.4% Republican 共和党人（象） Nancy Pelosi (D.-California)
First female speaker of theHouse in 2006 南希?佩洛西（美国民主党议员）首位女议长
Hillary Rodham Clinton 希拉里·罗德海姆·克林顿
1.Believed to be the next Democratic nominee for President民主党 2.Lost to Obama in the 2008 primaries总统预选
3.Former Senator, Secretary of State, and First Lady to President Bill Clinton 前参议员国务卿克林顿总统
Benefits of Female Empowerment 1.Economic Growth 2.Lower Birth Rate
3.More money to children
女性赋权
