必修五Unit5 First Aid Grammar 语法学案 Ellipsis 省略
省略是避免重复，突出新的信息，并使上下文紧密连接的语法手段。省略可分为以下几种情况： 一：简单句中的省略
1. 省略主语: 祈使句中的主语通常被省略; 其他省略主语的情况多限于少数现成的说法。
1) (You) Come in, please. 2) (I) See you tomorrow. 2. 省略主语或谓语的一部分
1) (It) Sounds a good idea. 2) (Will you) Have a smoke?
3.省略宾语：可以省略宾语的全部;可以省略作宾语的动词不定式, 只保留to, 但如果该宾语是动词be或完成形式, 则须在to后加上be或have。 1) ---Do you know Miss Hu? ---I don’t know (her).
2) Don’t touch anything unless the teacher tells you to (touch). 4. 省略表语
1)---Are you thirsty? ---Yes, I am (thirsty). 5. 同时省略几个句子成分
1) --- Are you feeling better now? --- (I’m feeling) Better (now). 2) --- When did you read the novel? --- (I read it) Long ago.
二：并列句中的省略:两个并列分句中，后一分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。
1)My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse. 2) I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school. 三：主从复合句中的省略 1. 主句中有主语和谓语被省略 (I’m) Sorry to hear that you are ill.
2. 省略从句中与主句相同的部分
They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to (visit their parents). 3. 主句与从句各有一些成分被省略 The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be). 四：特殊疑问句的省略
在口语中，且有上下文的前提下，特殊疑问句常省略主谓部分，仅保留wh-疑问词，或介词+疑问词+名词，或疑问词+介词。
(1)---The other day I bought a book written by Mark Twain. --- In which store?
(2) ---He has given up the job in the supermarket. ---Why?
五：感叹句的省略感叹句：常常省略句子的主谓部分，只保留感叹部分。例如： Once again I’ve dropped ‘the’ before the word ‘sun’. How careless of me (it is) ! 六：其他省略 1. that的省略
(1) 宾语从句中常省略that, 但多个宾语从句并列时, 通常只省略第一个that。He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart. (2) 在定语从句中that在作宾语时才能省。 The book (that) I borrowed yesterday was hers.
2. 在某些状语从句中, 当从句的主语与主句的主语一致或者从句主语为it,且从句谓语部分有be动词时, 可省去“主语+be”部分。
1)When (he was) still a boy of 10, he had to work day and night. 2) As (he was) a child, he lived in India. 3. 不定式符号to的省略
(1) 由and或or连接的并列的不定式，可省去第二个不定式符号 to。 I told him to sit down and (to) wait for a moment.
(2) help 当“帮助”讲时，后面的宾语或宾补的不定式符号to可带可不带。 I will help (to) do it for you.
(3) 介词but前若有动词do, 后面不定式不带to。 The boy did nothing but play.
(4) 某些使役动词（let, make, have）及感官动词（see, watch, hear, notice, observe, feel, look at, listen to等）后面作宾语补足语的不定式一定要省去 to, 但在被动语态中须将to 复原。 I saw the boy fall from the tree. The boy was seen to fall from the tree.
(5) 主语从句中有动词do, 后面作表语的不定式的 to可带可不带。 What we can do now is (to) wait.
4. 虚拟条件从句中有should, were或had时, 可以省略if, 但要将should, were或had提至句首。
例如：1)If I were you, I would give it up. =Were I you, I would give it up.
2)If I had had time, I would have run round that lake again. =Had I had time, I would have run round that lake again. 3)If there should be a flood, what should we do? =Should there be a flood, what should we do?
5.名词的省略在有上下文的前提下，数词、限定词或形容词最高级后面的名词可以省略。例如：
(1) I have had one ice cream, and he has had two (ice creams). (2) I haven’t got any eggs left. Have you got any (eggs left) ? 语法自测：把句子中能省略的部分加上括号 1) I Thank you for your help. 2) I Beg your pardon.
3) Would you like Something to drink? 4) You come this way, please.
5) ---Are you a teacher? ---No, but I want to be a teacher. 6) ---He hasn’t finished the task.
---Well, he ought to have finished it. 7) His brother isn’t lazy. Nor is his sister lazy.
8)Let’s meet at the school gate as the same as we met yesterday. 9) Lin’s father was not at home, but his mother was at home. 10) It’s a Pity that you missed such a good chance.
11)Mary doesn’t do any reading, but I know Alice does reading. 12)There are paint spots all over the floor. What a mess it is ! 13) If you are asked you may come in. 14) Though he is young, he knows a lot. 15)I will help you to do it. 16)What we can do now is to wait.
17)If I had had time, I would have run round that lake again.
18)There are several restaurants in the street. This is the cheapest one.
